Nineteen Eighty Four By George Orwell - 928 Words

Imagine living in a world were all your actions are under constant supervision? In which the government has full control over your life. A world in where there is no freedom of self expression. Even your own thoughts could be considered a crime. The popular high school novel Nineteen Eighty–four by George Orwell lets the reader experience that world, one of totalitarianism; in which a state has no limits in their authority and attempts to regulate every aspect of public and private life. This book allows students to expand their minds on external oppression, by recognizing the extremes, a government goes to in order to maintain control over their people. A book that illustrates the dangers of conformity, mental coercion, and verbal deception. A worthy book that meets required reading objectives for high school students, an intellectually challenging novel, keeps readers engaged, and helps students think for themselves in the evaluation of governments regulations. Nineteen Eighty-four depicts a dystopian future world into three totalitarian superpowers that are constantly at war with one another: Oceania, dominated by former United States; Eurasia, dominated by Western Europe; and Eastasia, dominated by China and Japan. In which the protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith, is the member of the Outer Party, in Oceania. He is a writer for the Ministry of Truth, whose main job is to assist in the continual rewriting of history so that it conforms with the expectations andShow MoreRelatedNineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell1223 Words   |  5 Pagesstates. George Orwell explores in his political novel, â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four†. Winston, the male protagonist, challenges the totalitarian state’s ideals and goals, to purse his own liberty. The Party’s control over the state manipulates the minds of all citizens to achieve their goals and ideals. When Winston pursues his own freedom and his own private reality with his love, Julia, he ends up sacrificing his own ideals and liberty for the safety of his own life. The nature of reality Orwell developedRead MoreNineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell1453 Words   |  6 Pages Nineteen Eighty-Four written by George Orwell is a dystopian novel set in a fictional totalitarian state of Oceania, where the brainwashed citizens are under constant surveillance, and public mind control dictated by Big Brother, the Party leader. Thus, any independent thought by any individual or group would severely be punished by the state as a â€Å"Thought Crime†. Punishments could be severe ranging from reeducation and torture to vaporization meaning death. Around the same year of the publicationRead MoreNineteen Eighty Four By George Orwell Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review for Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell Jason Lee December 12, 2015 SECTION A Date published June 8, 1949 City where published London, England Publisher Secker Warburg Number of pages 267 SECTION B Summary of your book (key details only...address the beginning, middle, and end of the book) Nineteen Eighty-Four takes place in the fictional nationRead MoreNineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell983 Words   |  4 PagesIn Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell depicts a society that is under complete control of the government. Big Brother, the personification of the totalitarian government, is always watching. A citizen cannot make a decision without Big Brother knowing. At least, that is what the government wants the citizens of Oceania to believe. Big Brother is able to maintain this control over society by influencing media. Jem Berkes states that â€Å"George Orwell realizes that language has the power in politicsRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four931 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four the author George Orwell created how he felt the world would be in the year nineteen eighty-four. In this fictional world, there were three super-states Eastasia, Eurasia, and Oceania; Oceania was the main super state where the novel took place. In Oceania, the government controlled everything: the citizens had no rights; the people were living in poor conditions, everyone was brainwashed, and hatred controlled everything. The novel focused on the rebellious waysRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four1091 Words   |  5 PagesNineteen Eighty-four is a story of complete re-creation of what was believe to happen during the time of nineteen eighty-four. There was suppose to be a a division of the world into three separate powers. George Orwell wrote this story as a warning of what might happen if we become totalitarian. The story is made out to be a fore-warning from Orwell of might happen if we ignore the thought a revolution(â€Å"Enduring relevance of George Orwell† 5). George Orwell showed everyone what it would be like toRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four1831 Words   |  8 Pagesin the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, the North Korean government uses fear to control their citizens, and supervises the type of media presented through technology. By running everything through a totalitarian regime, no one has the power or courage to fight back (North Korea: Government) (Cha 13). What is a way to get even the most stubborn person to follow commands? Fear. Fear is an effective method of control that is used in both the governments of Nineteen Eighty-Four and North KoreaRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four1651 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly interested with this topic. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four perfectly fits my interest since it’s about governments and propagandas. As a result, I chose my research question to be: â€Å"How and why does the Party use propaganda? How does this compare to some of the modern propagandas used across the world during not only World War II but during current times as well?†. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian fiction novel written by George Orwell. The story takes place in an imaginary countryRead MoreNineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell576 Words   |  2 PagesNineteen Eighty-Four opens in Airstrip One, a region in Oceania, one of the world’s major super-powers. The novel follows Winston Smith, a member of the middle class Outer Party, and his battle against Oceania’s totalitarian government. Orwell manipulates the standard story arch of an archetypal hero to maintian that the loss of individual thought leads to a loss of one’s humanity. Orwell begins by using â€Å"all of† the standard phases of the Joseph Campbell’s hero cycle. Winston Smith is presentedRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four922 Words   |  4 Pagesthoughts and actions is mind-boggling. George Orwell has made a tremendous impact on the way we live our life today. His key ideas and insights have reflected on our life and way of living. He wrote four documentary studies, six novels, and hundreds of essays. Although he passed away on January 21, 1950, his memory and key ideas have left a memorable impact on society and the world we live in today. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four was published by George Orwell in 1949. The book became the most controversial

Breakfast Is The Most Important Meal Of The Day - 900 Words

Breakfast has long been perpetuated to be the most important meal of the day. It provides the necessary energy that one needs to perform during the day. Skipping breakfast can lead to exhaustion, extreme hunger, and lack of focus. The importance of breakfast cannot be overlooked, but the nutritional value of one’s morning meal is equally important. My target area began as a focus on eating more in general. The food available at PSP was not always ideal, many times the food was either unhealthy or there simply weren’t enough options that I enjoyed. As a result, I noticed that my weight began to significantly decline and I desperately wanted to allay this problem. After completing my log sheets over three weeks, I came to the realization that the bulk of my missed meals came in the morning. I would sleep until eight to make sure that I received adequate sleep, however, I realized that in doing this; I was forgoing breakfast which was negatively affecting my health and my performance at Cornell. In fact, â€Å"research involving adults and children has indicated that breakfast might enhance memory, attention, the speed of processing information, reasoning, creativity, learning, and verbal abilities† (Consumer Reports). No matter a person’s age, breakfast is a vital part of their life. At its conception my question concerned, which foods were best for cognitive function; however, after noticing how much I missed breakfast in my log sheet, I realized that I should concentrate onShow MoreRelatedEating Breakfast Is The Most Important Meal Of The Day1228 Words   |  5 Pagesto make it throughout the day. How many think of eating breakfast but still walk out of the house without a single morsel of grain in your tummy? I bet you don’t forget your daily dose of caffeine. A good breakfast consists of staples and mix-ins. Many of you may deny that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. But even the word breakfast proves that i t’s the most important meal of the day. The word breakfast is derived from ‘breaking the fast’. Without breakfast it’s like starting a carRead MoreBreakfast - The Most Important Meal of the Day Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesBreakfast represents the most important meal of the day. I chose this topic because I often forget to eat breakfast and I want to know why this is not a good practice. I already know that by eating breakfast I save myself from over indulgence later in the day. Breakfast is considered brain food because it gets me going in the morning. This information came to me from parents and previous teachers that tried to inform me that eating breakfast improves my grades. It excites me to learn more about howRead MoreBreakfast - the most important meal of the day Nutrition Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesBreakfast is the most essential meal. It breaks the long overnight fast, helping you wake up and get going. (Hark, L. Deen, D. 2007, pg 14). Mo st importantly eating breakfast helps you to stop feeling hungry later and therefore you will be more alert at school or work as you have consumed energy in food kilojoules to concentrate. There have been numerous studies conducted over the past years, many concluding that breakfast is important for adolescents. Bad habits are extremely hard to break, forRead MoreBreakfast The Most Important Meal You Can Have During The Day1363 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Breakfast the most important meal you can have during the day† By Gretel Herrera Persuasive Speech Outline General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that eating breakfast is really important to have good health and a healthy body and mind. Thesis: If we start our day with a good meal called: â€Å"breakfast†, this is going to help you to maintain a healthy body and a productive mind throughout the rest of your day. I. The Attention Step A. Attention: A. I want toRead MorePersuasive Speech On Breakfast1105 Words   |  5 PagesBreakfast: Most Important Meal of the Day THESIS STATEMENT: Breakfast is an essential part of your morning routine because it kickstarts your metabolism, helps you concentrate and perform better in class, and aids in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. OVERALL PURPOSE: To persuade the audience that breakfast is part of a healthy lifestyle. INTRODUCTION ATTENTION GETTER: Imagine your alarm going off in the morning, and you hit the snooze button, you usually just lay there thinking about what youRead MoreAncient Greek Food683 Words   |  3 PagesSoteriades the Sage was one of the most famous cooks in Ancient Greece. Legends say he served many kings and always had a new dish for each type of person he served, including the elderly, lovers, and philosophers. This is proven in my source â€Å"Greekalicious† a historical cookbook written by Maria Bernardis; â€Å"Who (Soteriades the Sage) claimed he prepared different dishes for different moods and ages.† The Ancient Greeks had very similar culinary techniques as the modern day Greeks. The Greeks valued a varietyRead MoreThe School Breakfast Program Programs1345 Words   |  6 PagesSUMMARY The school breakfast program is where preschool kids can start the day with good breakfast. Studies have shown feeding children a nutritious breakfast increases their school performance, nutrition intake, and overall health while decreasing obesity, discipline problems, and illnesses. There is concern that children might be coming to school without eating breakfast and still not be participating in the school breakfast program for variety of reasons, including a perceived stigma associatingRead MoreBreakfast Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesDoes eating breakfast help school performance, this is a question that is often asked and most people do not have an answer. If breakfast is so important why does 30 percent of teenagers not eat in the morning? Most teens do not eat breakfast because they are not hungry in the morning, or there isnt enough time to make something, or there is nothing good to eat. Think of your body as a car, every night when we go to sleep we are burning off fuel an d by the time we wake up there isn’t much fuel leftRead MoreNeva Owens. Mrs. King. Ela 6Th Hour. 11 April 2017. Is837 Words   |  4 Pages2017 Is Breakfast Really the Most Important Meal of the Day. What if there was unhealthy kids all over the world? Some kids don’t eat a nutritional breakfast everyday. Breakfast is really the most important meal of the day because your body needs energy after you wake up and it can improve your overall health. First, your body needs energy everyday after you wake up. According to â€Å"Healthy Habits,† experts say breakfast is the most important meal of the day (Healthy Habits). Eating breakfast helpsRead MoreBenefits Of Breakfast For Students1145 Words   |  5 Pages Benefits of Breakfast for Students Student Name UTSA IEP Writing 5 Nowadays, due to the busy pace of life, people are always in a hurry. They do not have enough time even to do something as important as eating. As a result, some people, especially students, skip the first meal of the day. They start the day without breakfast because of getting up late, lacking time to prepare breakfast, not feeling hungry in the early morning, or being on diet. However, skipping breakfast is not good for

Determines Accounting Quality Changes †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Determines Accounting Quality Changes. Answer: Introduction The IASB stands for International accounting standard board is an independent body that sets standards for the International financial reporting standards (IFRS). It was founded on first of April 2001 to promote and provide applications for the standards for reporting. The primary objective of the body is to set the standards of accounting for systematic presentation of the company books (Li et al.2017). The issue has taken place at present that the Germany is facing due to the convergence of the accounting policies worldwide. After analyzing the information from the case study of Germany contextual issues of convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards accounting (Hellmann, Perera and Patel 2010), I can say that the objectives of IASB in this case, is not achieved. The accountants of Germany face problem in the interpretation and the application of the reporting standards, as in most of cases they lack in knowledge (Eierle et al.2018). The main issue according to me is the standards set by the IASB are complex and it needs specified knowledge to understand them. Moreover the rules and regulations in Germany are determined by the EU legislation, the standards set by the IASB are not consistent management. Then comes the issue of expense, many individuals in Germany consider as being too expensive to implement especially for the small and medium sized companies. They also think the standard set by the IASB are irrelevant as it can be interpreted in number of ways (Christensen et al.2015). Facilitation of convergence and application of IFRS in the Germany needs translation from English to German. There is lack in the supply of adequate number of qualified and trained accountant to implement the standards set by the IASB. According to me, the objective of IASB to provide the standards of accounting are not fulfilled (Wang 2014). The German in order to raise funds internationally must overcome the issues mentioned. Issues faced by Germany due to the Convergence of the Accounting policies. Due to the convergence of the accounting policies, the Germany is facing trouble in adapting IFRS policies set by the IASB. According to meet the list of the issues faced by them are as follows: Cost of implementation of the IFRS policies: The cost of adapting the policies of IFRS is high for the small and middle- sized firm. The companies are struggling for this burden of staffing and training the employees to understand the policies. Lack of education assistance and training: The most of the cases in the research it has been found that the German firm needs proper knowledge and skilful employees to understand and implement the IFRS policies management. Lobbying of activities: The individuals and the groups creates lobby against the efforts of IASB to require IFRS for the financial statements. Translation of the policies: The most if the policies of the IFRS are in English, they are needed to be translated in German in order to make it understandable. Interpretation problems: The principle nature of IFRS is interpreted differently in different countries. Due to lack of understanding, the account may falsely misinterpret the policy leading to inaccuracy. Conclusion The German legislation incorporated the need for adopting the IFRs into the German law. This lead to a major problem for the accounting first to adopt the new change in policies set up by the IASB. In order to flourish in the international market, the Germany needs to overcome these potential issues. References Christensen, H.B., Lee, E., Walker, M. and Zeng, C., 2015. Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?.European Accounting Review,24(1), pp.31-61. Eierle, B., Shirkhani, D. and Helduser, C., 2018. The Need to Provide Internationally Comparable Accounting Information and the Application of IFRS: Empirical Evidence from German Private Firms.Accounting in Europe, pp.1-24. Hellmann, A., Perera, H. and Patel, C. 2010. Contextual issues of the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards: The case of Germany. Advances in Accounting, incorporating Advances in International Accounting, 26(1), pp. 108 116. Li, S., Sougiannis, T. and Wang, I., 2017. Mandatory IFRS Adoption and the Usefulness of Accounting Information in Predicting Future Earnings and Cash Flows. Wang, C., 2014. Accounting standards harmonization and financial statement comparability: Evidence from transnational information transfer.Journal of Accounting Research,52(4), pp.955-992.

How the portrayal of Gertrude and Ophelia could be influenced by the sources available to Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

How the portrayal of Gertrude and Ophelia could be influenced by the sources available to Shakespeare Essay In this day and age, for a play to be plausible and enjoyable, women have to be included substantially in the plot. Our society is no longer patriarchal or male driven, but in the Elizabethan era things were different. The role of women was radically changing as the public were beginning to realise the power of Elizabeth I and this directly affected English Literature which had began to also focus on women. Yet Shakespeare gave small and insignificant roles to Gertrude and Ophelia in Hamlet. As said by Judith Cook, they appear to be somewhat spiritless creatures when likened to the major greats of Shakespearian theatre like Lady Macbeth, Cleopatra, Portia and Rosalind who at times show great strength of character and independence of spirit. However, it is quite certain from his plays that had Shakespeare wanted Gertrude and Ophelia to be more important in Hamlet, he would have given them much more substance and much more dialogue. However, for a modern director, it is important to understand what role Gertrude and Ophelia play; although Shakespeare may not have wanted them to be the protagonists, they are still essential to the plot. Part of Hamlets madness and his jealousy towards his uncle is due to his mother taking Claudius to her incestuous sheets, and Ophelias presence is necessary in revealing Hamlets character. So, in a modern production, a director would have to battle through all the many interpretations of these heroines to produce a plausible portrayal of them. A number of sources can be examined to reveal Shakespeares real intention with Hamlet. Most people associate the play with Thomas Kyds Spanish Tragedy which has they major theme of vengeance in it but Ophelias character as shown in Hamlet is different to that of Bel-Imperia who is more central to Thomas Kyds plot. However Thomas Kyds tragedy written in 1580 has the most similarities to Hamlet, with corruption, betrayal, the appearance of a ghost and the demise of just about every character by the end of the play. Another very important source of Hamlet is the story of Amleth of Jutland told by Saxo Grammaticus. This source can give rise to different interpretations of Gertrude, as within the story, the killing of the king, by his brothers hand is known by the whole court including the queen. The two stories of Hamlet and Amleth have close links as equivalents of not only Hamlet, but of Claudius, Gertrude, Polonious, Horatio, Ophelia even Rosencrantz and Guildenstern appear in Saxos version. Therefore perhaps Gertrude did know that Claudius killed King Hamlet, just like her 12th century counter-part did. However, there is one fundamental problem with this theory. There is not one piece of evidence within the text of Hamlet of Gertrude knowing anything. Other sources also provide evidence that Gertrude may have known that the traitorous murderer of her husband was Claudius. Although it is quite unlikely that Shakespeare would have ever come across Aeschylus Agamemnon, (although he makes reference to Priams slaughter) the similarities between both texts are uncanny. Both plays start with the watchman who scans the night sky for a portent. Both tragedies involve the killing of a great king and the adultery of a consort. Like Hamlet, Agamemnons son, Orestes, is a passionate and decidedly reluctant avenger. However, the character of Gertrude seems to be quite the opposite of Clytaemestras. Aeschylus heroine is a woman of male qualities, often seen as the lioness or a sexual predator. This seems to contradict with Gertrudes passive nature, but from the text perhaps Gertrude could be interpreted in this sexual role, as she is obviously very attractive to Claudius who reveals that he is still possessed of those effects for which he did the murder my queen. .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d , .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .postImageUrl , .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d , .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d:hover , .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d:visited , .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d:active { border:0!important; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d:active , .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd15e05d6affa06773500c68cfb61c1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Willey Russell's play, "Our Day Out" EssayHer sexuality is again demonstrated in the closet scene. Barbara Jefford, who played Gertrude at the National Theatre said, I think that she is very, very sexy who desperately needs it and finds Claudius extremely attractive. Did she know about the murder? I think she did, yes I dont think you could live in an enclosed atmosphere like the Danish court and not know there was something strange about it! However, although many of the sources do tend to imply that Gertrude may have known about the King Hamlets murder, Shakespeare refrains on revealing his own ideas about it. There is only one sentence in the whole of Hamlet that could possibly incriminate Gertrude and that is when the ghost calls Gertrude his most seeming-virtuous queen. Although the ghost prohibits Hamlet from harming his mother, all of the ghosts anger and hatred seems to be directed at his wife as he urges Hamlet to let those thorns that in her bosom lodge, To prick and sting her. However, these lines are vague and it could be argued that King Hamlet says those words, as he is angry that Gertrude married in such great haste after his own death. Ophelia is also a girl of contradictions. Unlike most of Shakespeares other girls, she seems to have little or no will of her own. However, it is not Ophelias own character, which is ambiguous, but her relationship with Hamlet, which is open to interpretation. Ophelia loves Hamlet; just like Bel-Imperia loved Horatio and her equivalents did in the History of Hamblet. From the text she is seen as the personification of innocence and her eventual deterioration is symbolic of something being rotten in the state of Denmark. When Polonius urges her to be scanter of her maiden presence, she seems to be a virtuous girl who is still in possession of her virginity again demonstrated when she says he hath made many tenders of his affection to me, my lord, with almost all the holy vows of heaven. From these simple words, that almost resemble blank verse, Hamlet and Ophelias relationship can only be seen as honourable but many critics have suggested that they believe that Hamlet and Ophelia had had sexual relations before the play started. This theory is based on the content of the bawdy snatches made in act 4, scene 5, as Ophelia says, before you tumbled me, You promised me to wed. It is with in this line that the ambiguity lies as tumbled me could be interpreted as cast me aside but is more likely to mean took my virginity. However, she also makes reference to cold maidens and perhaps that what she is, a cold virgin. Robert Speaight, who has played in various production over the years said, I do not believe that Ophelia had ever been hamlets mistress; the bawdy content of her songs in the mad scene could be from the subconscious of a schoolgirl or nun. When examining the History of Hamblet and Amleth of Jutland, the corresponding characters to Ophelia both sleep with the hero. Saxos Ophelias figure is virtually raped by the prince while Belleforests heroine is positively eager to be seduced by Hamblet. Nonetheless, most of the inspiration for Ophelia came from the inquest that was held in Shakespeares hometown of Stratford upon Avon on the 11th February 1580. A young girl called Katherine Hamlet had drowned in the area and the inquest was held to see if she was entitled to a Christian funeral. Had the girl committed suicide, she would have been denied this right and this was apparently an issue in the 16th century as it was included in Hamlet. At Ophelias funeral, the gravedigger admits that had she not been a gentlewoman, she should have been buried out of a Christian funeral. It is probable that the events that befell Katherine Hamlet became the most important inspiration for Ophelias death. In the inquest it was revealed that Katherine Hamlet had indeed been jilted by a lover and was pregnant when she drowned. .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 , .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .postImageUrl , .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 , .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0:hover , .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0:visited , .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0:active { border:0!important; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0:active , .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0 .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u52237a2e5f91de77a6e79fbcfeed1ae0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Using your analysis of Shakespeare's text, suggest ways in which act 3 scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet could be performed EssayThus it is possible that Ophelia had been mistress to Hamlet as is in the case in all the sources. The original stories of Hamlet can give rise to different understandings and often contradicting interpretations of Gertrude and Ophelia, but the answer to their characters is hard to find. One thing that cannot be forgotten is that Hamlet is a play. It is one of those stories that each age interprets anew. It has been acted in many different ways and all of them seem to work. Each account and source assumes new life for each generation and offers differe nt interpretations for different actors and producers.

Evaluation of the Dehumidifier Market

Prejudice in To Kill a Mocking essays

Prejudice in To Kill a Mocking essays To kill a Mocking Bird could be considered a reliable and unexaggerated portrait of southern Americans prejudice because the author Harper Lee based Maycomb the setting for the book and the character Atticus. On the real place and people. Monroeville and Harper Lees farther who was a lawyer. Monroeville was also Harper Lees hometown and this gave her reasons to know the socity as deeply as she does. The people of Monroeville and other places in the South America recognised themselves and the part that they played in the society in the book, this illustrates the connection between the society in the 1930 and the fictional narrative. Having the book so accurate, the author can then hit the reader with more impact and can express her views on prejudice and discrimination with stronger force and more focus. The book investigates many types of prejudice. One is the hatred and fear towards the blacks and the violence between them that could break out at any time, for example the lynch mob. The lynch mob were a group of men that threatened to take the law in their own hands and got together to kill Tom Robinson before his trial. It shows the underground violence that surfaces before the rape case starts. It also shows how the lynch mob feel powerful in a group, because they are able to hide behind someone else. Scout doesnt understand what their intentions are and sees a face in the crowd and names him. 'Hey, Mr Cunningham she says singling him out from the group. Mr Cunningham realises this and is put in the spotlight and cant hide behind anyone. He also realises that an innocent little girl has caught him in action. This puts pressure on Mr Cunningham and makes in take in to account for his actions. This is an effective way to combat this type of prejudice, Scout manages to disarm Mr Cu nningham, and he has to rethink his actions. There are many types of prejudice and they all subtly revolve ar...

Partnership Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Partnership Analysis - Essay Example These can be used with strategic intent, especially for gaining competitive advantage. We take the case of Ford Motor, the second largest car maker in the US. While Ford has built many IS with strategic aspects, we focus on the IS for supplier – Ford relations. Managers can use value chain analysis to identify opportunities to use IS for competitive advantage (Porter, 1985, 2001; Shank and Govindarajan, 1993). An organization (in our case, Ford) can be thought of as a big input – output process. This can be represented schematically as follows: Ford Motor purchases automobile components and services from automotive companies in the industry. So at the left end in the schematic, supplies are purchased and brought into Ford. Ford then integrates those supplies (components) and makes cars, which it markets to customers. Ford then provides customer service after it sells the cars. In this entire process, there are opportunities for people in Ford to add value in various stages of the process. For example, supplies can be acquired more effectively and value can be added. Some other examples are adding value in making cars and improving sales. This process of adding value throughout the organization is called the Value Chain of the organization. Value Chain Analysis is the process of analyzing the organization’s value chain to find out where value is added to products and services, and the costs of adding value. Since IS can automate many activities in the Value Chain, Value Chain Analysis is used widely in using IS for strategic competitive advantage. In this, one has to first draw the Value Chain and then flesh out each of the activities where value is added. Then costs are determined for such value addition activities. Then one has to compare and benchmark these activities with those of the competitors. Then one can use the appropriate IS for gaining competitive advantage. IS can be used at any

Chinas increasing presence in sub-Saharan Africa Literature review

Chinas increasing presence in sub-Saharan Africa - Literature review Example Kaplinsky, McCormick, and Morris (2007, p.3) note that China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The speedy development has particularly been experienced over the last few decades. The growth has been attributed to the economic restricting coupled with improved efficiency (Adisu, Sharkey, and Okoroafo 2010). Data shows that China was the third largest economy in the world in 2004, but at the same time ranked 129th in terms of per capita because it is the most populous country in the world with over a billion people according to the World Development Indicators (Bloomberg 2010). The Central bank of China projected that the economy of the country was to grow by 9.2% in 2006 (Trofimov 2007). However, as at the second quarter of 2006, the Chinese economy had grown by 11.3%, which was the highest in the world in 2006 according to De Lorenzo (2007). The growth in Chinese economy is also attributed to its active role in the global economy, particularly in Sub-Saharan countries where China has invested heavily over the last few decades. As at 2006, the Chinese economy was projected to overtake the U.K. and become the fourth largest in the world. China obtains more than 28% of its gas and oil from sub-Saharan Africa, which among the highest inn the world according to Ajakaiye (2006, p.11-13). Sautman and Hairong (2007, p.16-18) note that the growth of trade between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has improved significantly over the last few decades. In this regard, the data available shows that in 2003, the transaction between China and SAA was valued at $18.5 billion, which was a significant improvement in comparison to the 2002, which registered $12.39 billion. (Swartz and Hall 2010). Presently China ranks among the top trading partners with SSA with Gabon being the second largest client after the U.S. Some of the SSA where Chinese investments are highly noticeable includes Kenya, Benin, Nigeria, Angola, South Africa, and Tanzania, Algeria and South Africa just to name but a few (Taylor 2006, P. 937-939). The Chinese companies, particularly the Building and Public Works (BPW) are competing actively against other companies in Africa (Muekalia 2004). This is evident from the Chinese increase in infrastructural projects, a field that many experts say China has high expe rtise as noted by Zafar (2007). China’s motives for its presence in Africa Oil deposits are arguably one of the reasons why China has had a lot of interest in investing in SSA. Kaplinsky, McCormick and Morris (2007, p.14) reveal that the government of China has all a long been very anxious regarding the country’s energy dependency. For instance, Kaplinsky, McCormick and Morris (2007) note that China was the eighth leading oil importer in 2000 and rose to fourth in 2006. China’s oil import was projected to increase to the extent that it was likely to overtake countries like Japan and Japan by 2010 (Fine, and Jomo 2005, p.76). ORAM (2005) cites that the dependency on oil imports present a major challenge to the international duty china intends to undertake. A report shows that Indonesia, Iran, and Oman, for a long time, have been the principle suppliers of oil to China (Anshan 2007, P.70). However, some of the oil producing countries that China has depended on is undergoing depletion such as the Indonesian oil reserves. Further, the U.S. has been able to consolidate its control over Middle East Oil except Iran since its intervention in Iraq (Wang and Bio-Tchane 2008). In addition, the oil deposits in

Plea-Bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plea-Bargaining - Essay Example Defendants, however, derive the benefit of reduced sentences and the notion that the prosecution could still succeed in proving them guilty facilitates decision for plea-bargaining. Fear of bias in the judicial process could also be a factor (Siegel & Worrall 202, 203). Plea-bargaining does not serve justice to any stakeholder but only offer convenience to the overburdened criminal justice system. It only grants lenient charges to defendants, may force innocent defendants to plead guilty, and establish convenience for the prosecution and the judges, aspects that do not identify justice. Victims and the society however suffer injustice as wrongs against them escape necessary level of punishment (Siegel & Worrall 202, 203). Your post is precise and comprehensive to the prompts. The opinion on possibility of a defendant escaping charges at trial, if the prosecution fails to prove beyond reasonable doubt, is particularly outstanding. I believe it identifies justice in plea-bargaining for victims, especially in an environment that criminals could rely on wealth and brilliant lawyers as well as tampering with evidence to escape conviction. The post offers information on reasons for the high incidence of plea-bargaining such as time convenience for defendants and the prosecution and complexity in the prosecution’s burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt. The post, however, lacks precision and points are scarce in a multitude of words that are not incident to the

Problems with UK Glaucoma (POAG) Treatment

Problems with UK Glaucoma (POAG) Treatment CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Glaucomas are a group of diseases which have the potential of causing damage to the eye and are distinguished from other eye related diseases by the fact that they can cause an increase in intraocular pressure inside which in turn causes damage to the optic nerve and to the retina. Primary Open Angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second commonest cause of registerable blindness and partial sight registrations in the UK (Bougard et al 2000). It is particularly dangerous because of its progressive nature and ability to go unnoticed for years thereby preventing treatment of the disease until, in some cases it can be too late to rescue the vision completely. Therefore the only way to detect the disease before it becomes a serious problem is with a thorough screening program. Optometrists usually are the first in line to examine a patients ocular health and refer patients onto the hospital based on several risk factors. The prevalence of POAG increases with age. This was shown in the Framingham Eye Study which estimated prevalence to be 1.2% between 50 and 64 years, 2.3% from 65 to 74 years and 3.5% in 75 years and over (Leibowitz et al, 1980). Another study has shown that POAG is positively related to the levels of intraocular pressure. The Baltimore Eye Survey concluded that the prevalence of the disease was 1.18% in patients with IOPs less than 22mmHg and 10.32% above this IOP level (Tielsch, 1991). Hereditary links have also been associated with POAG especially African-Americans who are at higher risk of developing the condition than Caucasians and, if there is a family history of glaucoma, the risk is up to six times higher than for the general population. Also, patients who are highly myopic, have diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular problems are at high risk of developing glaucoma and so these are the individuals who need to be monitored and checked regularly. Thus, in the first instance it may seem appropriate to test all individuals who present as being at a (low) threshold risk of developing the disease at regular intervals for disease progression; however the numbers of patients who are referred for suspect chronic open angle glaucoma and then found to have no glaucoma is around 40%. These false positive referrals are thought to cause unnecessary anxiety to the patient, alongside adding to the volume of paperwork that is needed to be completed by the practitioner and also thought to be a waste of local hospital resources (Parkins, 2006). Hence, these matters alongside the increasing requirements for patient centered care and reducing the costs occurred by the NHS have led to the development of certain criteria which enables optometrists to refine their own referrals for glaucoma prior to deciding whether or not a patient should be referred. This can be made easier by carrying out simple procedures or following specific protocols, for e xample, repeating suspicious IOP measurements preferably at a different time of day by using a contact method (Perkins or Goldmann) and repeating visual field tests on a separate occasion. (Parkins, 2006). More importantly, further schemes have been introduced where referrals are directed to specially trained optometrists who then decide on whether to refer the patient to the hospital eye service (HES) or return the patient for management under primary care. This appears to have ultimately increased the role played by optometrists in diagnosing and referring patients thought to be suffering from POAG, increasing their abilities to reach and treat individuals within the community more effectively. This in turn reduces the number of cases of POAG observed within the population as individuals are able to gain access to primary or more conventional methods of health care, i.e. hospitals. By reviewing the literature which has been published regarding the treatment and management of patients with POAG by optometrists, this paper aims to look at the way new schemes and interventions will affect the treatment and management of the disease within the UK. In addition, the ability of optometrists to prescribe certain drugs and the potential benefits will be discussed. CHAPTER 2: GLAUCOMA IN THE UK. (EPIDEMIOLOGY) This chapter will focus on the distribution, occurrence and control of the disease within the UK population. Glaucoma, as described above is one of the most frequent causes of blindness, predominantly in the industrialized world and therefore accounts for a high proportion of blindness observed within the UK. (Coyle and Drummond, 1995) The disease accounts for 14% of blind registrations in the UK and many cases around the country present at an advanced symptomatic stage (Aclimandos Galloway, 1988). With the potential to cause blindness in both eyes glaucoma has a dramatic effect on the individuals who are suffering from it but it also has a severe economic burden upon the nation, including direct and indirect costs. Within the UK alone these were estimated to be  £132 million in 1990. (Zhang et al, 2001) The most frequently prescribed drug for treatment of glaucoma is timolol which is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. The drug is used to treat open-angle glaucoma due to its ability to reduce the aqueous humour production by blocking the beta receptors on the ciliary epithelium. However, beta-adrenergic receptors blockers are thought to have serious side effects on patients who are suffering from cardiovascular or pulmonary disorders. For this reason an additional drug, 2-4 Pilocarpine, which is a cholinergic agonist may be used. This acts on a specific type of muscarinic receptor (M3) found on the iris sphincter muscle which causes contraction of the muscle and therefore miosis. This widens the trabecular meshwork through increased pressure on the scleral spur which aids the aqueous humor to leave the eye and reduce intraocular pressure. However this drug also has its limitations which are primarily associated with the requirement for it to be administrated four times per day and its ability to cause miosis, myopia and occasionally in some patients, retinal detachment and progressive closure of the anterior chamber angle. Thus, new drugs which will be more effective and safer methods of treating open-angle glaucoma are required. There have been many agents suggested for use for the treatment of the disease, however they often fail on several counts, including their failure to control intraocular pressure. (Schwab et al, 2003) This problem is observed within the three non-beta blocker drugs: latanoprost (a prostaglandin F2à ¡ analogue), dorzolamide (a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), and brimonidine (a Selective à ¡2 agonist). However, out of these three drugs, Latanoprost seems to be the most highly promising because of its comparable or, in some cases, better efficacy when compared with timolol. (Zhang et al, 2001) Risk factors, which are associated with the development of the disease, include individuals who are members of a family pedigree, which have suffered from glaucoma in the past. (OMIM, 2006) It is thought that a family history of the disease increases ones likelihood of developing the disease by 6%. This is suggestive of a genetic link or predisposing factor which may be associated with the development of the disease. Diabetes and being of African descent are also factors which are thought to increase the likelihood of developing the disease, and individuals with either of these factors, are three times more likely to develop the disease than the average individual. Asian populations have a dramatically higher risk of developing glaucoma than Caucasians, increasing their chances of disease development by a staggering twenty to forty percent. Men are also three times more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma than women due to the presence of wider anterior chambers in the eye. (Paron and Craig, 1976) Evidence is becoming increasingly available to suggest that the levels of ocular blood flow are involved within the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Fluctuations in blood flow are more harmful in those with glaucomatous optic neuropathy than those who experience a steady reduction in the blood flow to their eye through the optic nerve head. This also correlates with the damage observed to the optic nerve head and to the deterioration in the visual field acuity. (National Institute of Health, web Reference) There are also a number of studies which suggest that there is a correlation between glaucoma and systemic hypertension. This is linked with the fluctuations in blood flow mentioned above, as varying blood pressure can affect blood flow. There is however, no evidence that vitamin deficiencies play any role in the development of glaucoma. A survey carried out (Rhee et al, 2002) revealed that it is highly unlikely that vitamin supplements provide a useful treatment method for any individual suffering from the disease. CHAPTER 3: SCREENING FOR GLAUCOOMA IN THE UK. As we are now aware of the epidemiology of glaucoma within the population in the UK, it is clear that screening of individuals, particularly of those individuals at high risk of disease development is required. Many factors influence whether or not screening is considered a necessary precaution by ophthalmologists. However, it is perhaps first, most useful to provide an overview of what screening is and why it is a procedure invested in for treatment of open angle glaucoma. 3.1 Definition of screening Screening may be defined as the examination of a group of usually asymptomatic individuals to allow the early diagnosis or detection of those individuals with a high probability of having a given disease, (Collegeboard, 2008) and it is often carried out on individuals who are considered to theoretically have a high chance of inheriting or suffering from the disease, due to either genetic or environmental factors or even a combination of these issues. It is thought that screening is useful when it enables the diagnosis of a disease earlier than it would usually have been detected giving the ability to improve the patients outcome. However, there are several ethical issues surrounding screening processes as some individuals are of the opinion that it is only right to screen for some diseases when an individual is at an age to consent to such a procedure. This raises issues surrounding the onset of screening procedures, and whether siblings and offspring of individuals with a family history of open angle glaucoma should be screened for the disease because of certain opinions that suggest the patient themselves should decide whether or not to be screened. This is debatable because of the implications on the individuals life and the worry which is associated with the knowledge of perhaps developing such a disease which could eventually lead to blindness. However, due to the fact that the screening procedure gives the potential for treatment of the disease symptoms, it is likely that many ethical issues which surround some screening processes are not relevant to the screening of individuals at high risk of open angle glaucoma, particularly due to the fact that the genetic risk is minimal in comparison to the environmental risk factors and thus, genetic screening of parents and their offspring is not yet (and is unlikely to become) an issue. 3.2 Tests for glaucoma There are several tests that are used to identify those patients with glaucoma, however, there is no single test that can determine whether a patient has the disease or not. To start with a thorough eye examination is a prerequisite prior to undergoing the specific tests for glaucoma. Following this examination, the management of glaucoma involves serial tests which are carried out at regular intervals over several years allowing the practitioner to determine whether the pressure in the eye has become stable and hence further damage will be avoided. Good record keeping is vital as it is only possible to determine whether the pressure has worsened by using previous values and measurements as a comparison. The ‘Gold Standard tests for glaucoma are determination of eye pressure with an application tonometer, assessment of optic nerve head and visual field screening. In optometric practice these tests are carried out once every year under NHS regulation, however, a patient under hospital management will usually be seen at least 3 or 4 times to monitor their intraocular pressure. The established ‘Gold Standard for intraocular pressure measurement is the Goldman applanation tonometer. To carry out this procedure, the Goldman head is mounted on a slit lamp and a drop of anesthetic a dye (fluorescein) is placed in the eye. Then a gonioprism is placed in contact with the cornea through which practitioner is able to see green rings and make adjustments to arrive at the end point where the half rings overlap. The eye pressure reading (in mmHg) is recorded at this position. There are several other means of recording intraocular pressure using different types of tonometers, which include the air puff tonometer, Perkins tonometer, Pneumotonometer and Schiotz tonometer. In addition, there are tonometers, which allow the estimation of eye pressure at home. One such example is the ‘proview eye pressure monitor (Bausch and Lomb, 2001). The visual field is usually the first to be affected in glaucoma and by the time the central vision is affected, the disease is already far advanced with almost all of the vision in the periphery permanently lost (Parks, 2006). Perimetric threshold-measuring techniques are sensitive to the early progression of such glaucomatous field loss and full threshold screening programs are seen as the ‘Gold Standard. However, threshold tests can be lengthy and can induce fatigue within a patient causing them to lose fixation and overall lead to unreliable results. This lead to the development of SITA testing which reduced the testing time while maintaining the same quality of results as full threshold testing (Bengtsson, et al 1998). The computers, which are used to compute the visual field, are those such as the Humphrey or the Octopus perimeters. These machines use a light point that is presented in a predetermined fashion (location sequence) in a lighted bowl and the patient is asked to press a button when they see the light point. The patients responses are analyzed statistically and compared with a database of ‘normal responses. From this information, any deviations from normal are marked on a printout as black squares which represent visual field-defect areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Optic nerve head assessment is mandatory in all eye examinations performed and the ‘Gold Standard method is the use of a Volk lens with the patient dilated. The preliminary signs of the disease occur at the optic nerve head where nerve fibre loss is apparent. However, it only until the loss of fibres exceeds a certain threshold that visual field impairment is noticed. Evidence from histological studies and glaucoma modelling has shown that up to 40% of optic fibres can be damaged before a loss of visual function takes place (Quigley, et al 1982). Diffused thinning and localised notching of the neuroretinal rim (NRR) indicate early signs of the disease. The cup is affected due to the loss of fibres and it widens and deepens as a result. Also, the optic disc of a glaucomatous patient will not follow Jonas ISNT rule where the NRR is thickest at the inferotemporal sector, then at superotemporal, followed by nasal and temporal. Clinical examination using a Volk lens is, however, affected by inter-observer variability amongst optometrists. Another useful technique is stereoscopic optic nerve photography which is a cost-effective method for the detection of glaucoma and its progression. With the benefit of 3-dimensional and permanent data, practitioners can study the optic nerve features (disc cupping, vessel baring) over time (Tielsch et al, 1988). Under hospital management, comparison of these photos which have been taken over the course of the year is a highly effective method of following glaucoma progression. CHAPTER 4:HOW SUCCESSFUL ARE OPTOMETRISTS AT SCREENING FOR GLAUCOMA? A number of studies and clinical trials have been carries out on the effects of treatment on newly discovered primary open-angle glaucoma patients, and it has been noted on several occasions that immediate treatment leads to a slower rate of disease progression. (Bullimore, 2002) As one must first identify that a patient has the disease before the individual can be treated, this ultimately implies that effective screening procedures would be beneficial in the treatment of glaucoma. However, one question which this leads to is: how successful are optometrists at screening for glaucoma and are all patients who should be screened, being checked for disease progression or any clinical symptoms. 4.1 The Baltimore eye Survey The Baltimore eye survey (Tielsch, 1991) was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of population level screening procedures and evaluate the performance of the screening methods used to test for glaucoma. The research team noted that â€Å"†¦screening for glaucoma has a long history and is a well-established activity† (Tielsch, 1991). However, they also were aware that most screening organizations used tonometry as the screening technique even though it is known to have several limitations associated with its use. The efficacy of the other known screening processes were thought, by the research team, to have not received deep enough investigations into their effectiveness, and this was considered to be a reason why these methods were not being utilized in the screening processes. In research studies which had been carried out prior to this study, only small research groups had been used or the studies had proved to being biased towards individuals who have a family history of the disease and therefore highly likely to developing glaucoma themselves. (Leibowitz et al, 1980) Hence the studies were thought to provide false information about the usefulness of the analyzed screening methods. The Baltimore Eye survey looked at a total of 5,308 individuals who were forty years of age or older, including both black and white individuals and analyzed the success of screening each individual for glaucoma using â€Å"†¦tomometry, visual fields, stereoscopic fundus photography and a detailed medical and ophthalmic history.† (Tielsch et al, 1991) The survey was not limited to looking at individuals who were known to be at a high risk of developing glaucoma as this would influence the analysis of the success of certain screening methods. After the examination was complete, a diagnosis of glaucoma was made for any participant found to have indicative symptoms. Out of the 5,308 individuals participating in the study, 196 were diagnosed with glaucoma. (Tielsch et al, 1991) The research team then evaluated tonometry, cup to disc ratio, and narrowest neuroretinal rim width for their ability to correctly classify subjects into diseased or non-diseased states. There was no defined cutoff values at which these variables provided a reasonable balance of sensitivity and specificity, (separately or in combination) as this made the test more robust and thus allowed the screening method to only gain positive results if it was able to identify an individual who did indeed have glaucoma. The statistical analytical methods used to analyze the data obtained from the study included making logistic regression models of the results, which were then fit to the data. These models included demographic and other risk factors, to ensure that the analysis of the data was as accurate as possible. Sensitivities and specificities were then calculated for varying cutoff levels on the distribution of predicted probabilities. The research team came to the conclusion that there was no cut off for reasonable sensitivity and specificity and that the effectiveness of current techniques for glaucoma screening was limited. (Tielsch et al, 1991) The research said that although â€Å"at first glance, glaucoma fits the model of a disease for which screening could make a significant impact on the burden of disability in the population†¦unfortunately, objective assessments of the most commonly used technique for screening†¦demonstrate its ineffectiveness.† (Tielsch et al, 1991) The study identified that tonometry was a poor technique when it came to correctly classifying subjects as diseased or non-diseased. It also mentioned that despite intraocular pressure remaining as one of the strongest known risk factors for open angle glaucoma; measurements of this were not used as a criterion for referral in order to maximize the sensitivity of the screening examination. Tielsch et al (1991) identified only Only 215 subjects out of 1770 who were referred for further tests simply because of their intraocular pressure measurements and only four of these individuals actually had definite or probable glaucoma. This was a detection rate of 1.86 percent which is very low. Thus, the use of the intraocular pressure as a guide added little additional sensitivity beyond what was contributed by the other referral criteria. Other methods of screening for the development of glaucoma were also considered to be ineffective and cumbersome. Despite this study being carried out forty years after the initiation of screening programmes for glaucoma, the program still appeared to require extra work in order to develop a more successful screening programme. 4.2 Frequency-doubling technology study In contrast to the study carried out by Tielsh et al (1991) a study was carried out by Yamada et al (1999) with the aim to assess glaucoma screening using frequency-doubling technology (FDT) and Damato campimetry. The research group carried out a two day public glaucoma screening programme which was implicated at two different institutions. Each participant underwent the following visual field tests: Damato campimetry, FDT perimetry in screeningmode and Humphrey perimetry(24-2 FASTPAC). A full ophthalmologic examination, for each eye was also carried out. The data collected from this study was then divided into four categories, including normal, ocular hypertensive, glaucoma suspect and definite glaucoma. The sensitivity and specificity level of each test was then estimated with â€Å"receiver operating characteristic curves† (Yamada et al, 1999). The results of the eye examinations revealed that out of the 240 individuals who underwent testing, 151 were identified as being no rmal, 28 were classified as ocular hypertensive, 35 were described as having suspect glaucoma and 26 were classified as being definite glaucoma individuals when using the FDT perimetry screening mode. Out of the one hundred and seventy five subjects who underwent Damato campimetry, the numbers for the same groups were 118, 19, 19 and 19 respectively. The specificities for each test were 92-93% for the FDF perimetry and 53-90% for the Damato campimetry tests respectively, hence leading to the conclusion that FDT perimetry was superior to Damato campimetry in the screening for glaucoma within the study. (Yamada et al, 1999) However, these methods for screening are rarer than the usual tonometer and visual field analysis methods described within this paper. Despite the fact that they appear to be useful and effective methods for glaucoma screening in this case, the tests are rarely used in conventional practice and therefore the results of this study should be regarded with caution. 4.3 Burton Hospital screening study The aim of this study was to investigate the â€Å"referral practices to the outpatient clinic of a consultant ophthalmologist† and also to identify the current screening routines of optometrists and general practitioners in regards to glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. (Harrison, et al 1988) A total of 1437 patients were referred to Burton District Hospital, from 1 November 1986 to 31 December 1987, to be viewed by a consultant ophthalmologist. The patients were grouped into urgent, semi-urgent or non-urgent depending on their referral letters. Only 1113 patients were ultimately reviewed as the remaining 324 could not be seen by the end of the study. (Harrison, et al 1988) Selected biographical data was recorded from the case notes such as age, sex and more importantly the source of referral. Any symptoms as well as the reasons for referral were looked for in the referral letters. A classification system was used for the reason for referral; this was based on symptoms and bodily location. Furthermore, there was an analysis on the referral data for the procedures used by the referring source, in this case assessment of visual acuity, visual fields, binocular vision and the optic nerve head. Also, intraocular pressure readings as well as any fluorescein checks for corneal staining. (Harrison, et al 1988) The results showed that optometrists were responsible for 39% of the referrals (439 patients) in comparison to the 49% (546 patients) of general practitioners. The most important reason for referral was visual field loss which account for 31% (345) of cases, followed by suspected glaucoma which accounted for 13% (145). The reasons for referral were also different when comparing the two referrers. GPs referred 107 (84%) patients due to eyelid disorders and 66 (77%) patients with conditions on the outer adnexa. On the other hand optometrists were responsible for referring 118 (81%) of the patients on suspicion of glaucoma. (Harrison, et al 1988) In total there were 70 referrals for possible asymptomatic glaucoma and another 77 for symptomatic disease. In 33 cases glaucoma was confirmed (20 asymptomatic) and borderline glaucoma was found in 73 cases (48 asymptomatic). â€Å"The diagnosis was confirmed in 96 (80%) of the referrals from ophthalmic opticians but in only 10 (37%) cases referred by general practitioners.† (Harrison, et al 1988) This showed that optometrists were far more accurate in referring suspect glaucoma patients, i.e. a greater number of true positives. Using information from the referral letters, the diagnostic procedures undertaken by both referral sources was explored. Optometrists relied on intraocular pressure readings in 52 of the 96 referrals (54%). The rest of the patients were referred because of suspicious cup-disc ratios, visual field loss or other clinical aspects. However, GPs would refer mainly on the grounds of symptoms that are present. Also, the ophthalmologist did not confirm suspect glaucoma in 24 patients from the optometrists referrals and 17 from the referrals by GPs. The main conclusions from the report show that optometrist were far more likely to refer retinal or optic disc disorders. There was insufficient evidence to show that GPs screened for glaucoma â€Å"whereas ophthalmic opticians screened for glaucoma with considerable skill.† (Harrison, et al 1988). Several factors contribute to these differences between the referral abilities of both professional groups. Patients will normally visit an optometrist when they are experiencing visual loss because they are usually under the impression that they require new glasses. However, when patients have external symptoms they normally go to their GP. Due to the equipment available to optometrists they are also more likely to pick up on pathologies within the eye especially those affecting the retina and optic nerve head, hence â€Å"maintaining a high degree of vigilance for asymptomatic conditions such as glaucoma.† (Harrison, et al 1988) The suggested diagnostic accuracy, however, u ndermined the actual accuracy of the opticians examination. Any difference was due to the importance given to the findings of the ophthalmologist. The quality of referrals to the hospital is vital for maintaining an effective service, especially in Britain where many outpatients departments are overstretched. Improvement in the accuracy of referrals eventually leads to less false positive referrals, therefore enhancing the value of true positive referrals. One of the protruding reasons for false positive referrals in this study was suspected glaucoma but with â€Å"greater utilisation or development of community based screening programmes† the false positive referral rate could be reduced. Harrison, et al (1988) states that currently the closest approach to a screening programme is offered by optometrists. Harrison et al (1988) is also of the opinion that by establishing a planned screening service where ophthalmologists and optometrists work in conjunction on the basis of a fixed referral criteria, the progression of the disease in patients will reduce and so will the burden on HES. There is evidence from the data within the study to show that such glaucoma screening programme would have an influence. The 41 false positive glaucoma referrals would have been prevented and so would most of the 73 referrals for borderline glaucoma. A potential 100 outpatient appointments could have been saved with a community based screening strategy and this in turn would free up follow-up appointments. The study does show the benefit of current screening procedures and how optometrists are successful at accurately referring suspect glaucoma patients. Harrison, et al (1998) highlights that this is an invaluable skill which would prove more beneficial if used within a community based screening scheme. 4.4 England and Wales survey The objective of this survey was to investigate â€Å"the efficiency of referral for suspected glaucoma to general practitioners and consultants by optometrists.† (Tuck Crick, 1991) This survey involved 241 optometrists who represented areas clustered in England and Wales. Majority were enrolled through an interview procedure, but some responded to an advert in optometric publications. The scheme ran from November 1988 to February 1989 and each time a referral took place the optometrist would fill out a questionnaire on the individual patient. In total the respondents completed 275600 sight tests, which accounted for â€Å"about five per cent of the national total†. The actual number of referrals was 1505 for those suspected of glaucoma. For people over the age of 40 an estimated 0.9% referral rate was found. The end result of the referral was established for 1228 individuals. There were 125 patients were not examined at all and the remaining 1103 were examined by a consultant ophthalmologist. (Tuck Crick, 1991) An analysis was done on 704 cases to assess the accuracy of the referrals. Glaucoma was confirmed in 40.19% (283) of patients and 31.53% (222) of patients were further monitored. The data showed that in nearly all the confirmed patients the disease was at a chronic stage. Optometrists were further questioned to specify the key reasons for referral in each of the cases. There were 171 patients referred due to intraocular pressure in at least one eye being greater than 30mmHg. From these, 112 (65%) were positively diagnosed with glaucoma and only 20 were discharged as false positives. It was noted, however, that accuracy of referral in patients with lower IOPs (20-25mmHg) was much less. Only 7 individuals out of the 87 with lower IOPs were found to have glaucoma. Amongst them 50 patients who were released with no glaucoma. (Tuck Crick, 1991) When the optometrist recorded optic nerve head changes and visual field plots, the IOP referral accuracy was greater. However, when the referral was based on optic disc appearance and visual fields alone the accuracy was low. This category of referral accounted for 28 (10%) of confirmed cases. Furthermore, only 331 of the 704 patients had undergone a visual field test. This explained those cases in which visual field loss was not described as a reason for referral because the screening test had not been carried out in the first place. Even so, the analysis stressed â€Å"that field screening generally enables a case to be more precisely described and the risk of glaucoma thereby better assessed at the primary level.† (Tuck Crick, 1991) Gathering the evidence from th

The Adventures of Huck Finn: A Coming Of Age Novel Essay examples -- e

The Adventures of Huck Finn: A Coming Of Age Novel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel ‘The Adventures of Huck Finn’ by Mark Twain is a coming of age novel. Huck’s maturity grows throughout the story. He first starts to show emotions toward a runaway slave, and by the end of the novel, has grown up to the point where, when Jim, the slave, is captured, Huck decides not to play games but to take it serious and rescue him the safest and most logical way. He also decides it give up playing games after his friend is shot to ensure that he would get the medical attention that he needed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first indication of Huck’s growing maturity was in Chapter 15. Huck and Jim are split because of a thick fog near Cairo, their destination. After many hours, Huck finally makes his way back to the raft. Jim is sleeping, and Huck, still in a childish state of mind, decides to play a joke on Jim by pretending that he was never lost. He pretends to wake up next to Jim, who is overjoyed to see him, and Huck convinces Jim that the whole episode was a dream. When Jim finally realizes that Huck is fooling him, he scolds him sharply for it:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aamy heart wuz mos’ broke bekase you wuz los’, en I didn’ k’yer no’ mo’ what become er me en de raf’. En when I wake up en fine you back agin, all safe en soun’, de tears come, en I could a got down on my knees en kiss yo; foot. I’s so thankful. En all you wuz thinking’ ‘bout wuz how you could make a foo...

Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship

This document lists the information and supporting documents required to lodge a complete application using the paper form 1208. More information about this visa is available. See: About this Visa Important: Do not provide original documents unless requested. You should provide ‘certified copies’ of original documentation. Documents not in English must be accompanied by accredited English translations. Complete applications You should ensure that you lodge a completed visa application. While the department may ask you to provide more information in order to determine whether you meet the criteria for grant of the visa, a decision on the visa application may be made solely on the information provided at the time of application. Note: The Visa Application Charge will not be refunded if a decision is made to refuse to grant the visa because the applicant did not satisfy the criteria for grant of the visa. Complete applications are likely to be processed more quickly.Government Regulation on Media in America Incomplete applications may be delayed or, in some cases, refused. After completing this checklist, please attach it to the front of your application (if lodging a paper application form). Forms, fees and charges Complete the paper application form. See: Form 1208 Application for a Work and Holiday visa Visa application charge. Credit card details, bank cheque, or money order, made payable to ‘DIAC’: If you are in Bangladesh, check www. bangladesh. embassy. gov. au for payment methods. If you are in Chile, check www. chile. mbassy. gov. au for payment methods. If you are in Indonesia, check www. indonesia. embassy. gov. au for payment methods. If you are in Malaysia, check www. malaysia. embassy. gov. au for payment methods. If you are in Thailand, check www. thailand. embassy. gov. au for payment methods. If you are in Turkey, check www. turkey. embassy. gov. au for payment methods. If you are from the USA and wish to lodge a paper application form, for payment methods check with the departmental office where you intend to lodge your application. See: Working Holiday Visa Charges Personal documents Certified copies of the biodata pages of all passports or travel documents (including the photograph) Certified copies of birth certificates or the family book, showing names of both parents (not required if in passport) If you have changed your name (eg by marriage or deed poll), a certified copy of evidence of the name change Two recent passport sized photographs (45mmx35mm) of you. †¢ These should be of the head and shoulders only against a plain background. Print your name on the back of each photograph Character documents Police certificates from any country in which you have lived for 12 months or more in the last 10 years (For applicants from Iran only). See: Character and Penal Clearance Requirements Other documents Results of an IELTS, TOEFL, or Occupational English test, undertaken not more than 2 years prior to application, or alternative evidence of English (not required for applicants from the USA). If you have served in the armed forces of any country, certified copies of military service record or discharge papers. Evidence of sufficient funds. Certified copy of a bank statement showing you have access to appropriate funds of at least AUD5000. Letter of Government support for application (not required by applicants from the USA). Evidence of relevant education qualifications. Evidence of health insurance, if required.

Book of Hours - Illuminated Prayer Book for the Wealthy

Book of Hours - Illuminated Prayer Book for the Wealthy A book of hours was a prayer book containing appropriate prayers for specific hours of the day, days of the week, months, and seasons. Books of hours were usually beautifully illuminated, and some of the more notable ones are among the finest works of medieval art in existence. Origin and history   Initially, books of hours were produced by scribes in monasteries for use by their fellow monks. Monastics divided their day into eight segments, or hours, of prayer: Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Compline, and Vespers. A monk would set a book of hours on a lectern or table and read from it aloud at each of these hours; the books were therefore fairly large in format. The earliest known monastic books of hours were created in the 13th century. By the 14th century, smaller, portable books of hours with less complex liturgical systems were being produced for use by individuals. By the 15th century, these lay books of hours were so popular they outnumbered all other types of illuminated manuscript. Because the artwork was so splendid, books of hours were too expensive for all but the wealthiest of patrons: royalty, nobility, and occasionally very wealthy merchants or artisans. Contents Books of hours would vary according to the preferences of their owners, but they always began with a liturgical calendar; that is, a list of feast days in chronological order, as well as a method of calculating the date of Easter. Some included a multi-year almanac. Often books of hours included the seven Penitential Psalms, as well as any of a wide variety of other prayers devoted to favorite saints or personal issues. Frequently, books of hours featured a cycle of prayers dedicated to the Virgin Mary. illustrations Each section of prayers was accompanied by an illustration to help the reader meditate on the subject. Most often, these illustrations depicted biblical scenes or saints, but sometimes simple scenes from rural life or displays of royal splendor were included, as were the occasional portraits of the patrons who ordered the books. Calendar pages often depicted signs of the Zodiac. It wasnt uncommon for the owners coat of arms to be incorporated, as well. Pages that were largely text were often framed with or highlighted by foliage or symbolic motifs. The illustrations of books of hours and other manuscripts are sometimes called miniatures. This is not because the pictures are small; in fact, some could take up the entire page of an oversized book. Rather, the word miniature has its origins in the Latin miniare, to rubricate or to illuminate, and thus refers to written pages, or manuscripts. Production   Monastic books of hours were produced, as were most other illuminated manuscripts, by monks in a scriptorium. However, when books of hours became popular among the laity, a system of professional publication evolved. Scribes would write the text in one place, artists would paint the illustrations in another, and the two products were put together in a bookbinders hall. When a patron ordered a book of hours to be made, he could select his favorite prayers and subjects for illustration. In the later middle ages, it was also possible to purchase a pre-produced, generic book of hours in a stationers shop. Materials   Books of hours, like other medieval manuscripts, were written on parchment (sheepskin) or vellum (calfskin), specially treated to receive ink and paint. The writing surface was invariably lined to help the scribe write neatly and evenly; this was usually done by an assistant. By the time books of hours became popular, the inks used in manuscripts were almost always iron gall ink, made from the gallnuts on oak trees where wasp larvae were laid. This could be tinted different colors through the use of various minerals. Ink was applied with a quill pen a feather, cut to a sharp point and dipped in a jar of ink. A wide variety of minerals, plants, and chemicals were used to tint paints for the illustrations. The color sources were mixed with arabic or tragacinth gum as a binding agent. The most vivid and expensive mineral used in paint was Lapis Lazuli, a blue gemstone with gold flecks which in the Middle Ages was found only in present-day Afghanistan. Gold and silver leaf were also used to marvelous effect. The brilliant use of the precious metals achieved gave illumination its name. Significance to Medieval Art Books of hours offered artists the opportunity to display their skill to the best of their abilities. Depending on the wealth of the patron, the finest materials were used in order to achieve the richest and most vivid colors. Over the centuries of the book formats popularity, art style evolved into a more natural, vibrant form, and the structure of the illuminated page changed to allow more expression on the part of the illuminators. Now known as Gothic illumination, the works produced in the 13th through 15th centuries by clerical and secular artists alike would influence other art styles, such as stained glass, as well as the art that would follow in the Renaissance movements. Notable Book of Hours By far the most famous and splendid Book of Hours ever produced is Les Trà ¨s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, produced in the 15th century.

Abolitionist Movement essays

Abolitionist Movement essays During the thirty years that preceded the Civil War, abolitionism was a major factor in electoral politics. Abolitionism refers to antislavery activism between the early 1830s, when William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator, and the Civil War. By the year 1834, there existed a weak framework of abolitionists, many who were determined free blacks from the north who had a common goal, the emancipation of slavery. These abolitionists took great courage and leadership, for slavery was either against their moral beliefs and gave the anti-slavery movement the growing popularity that it needed. I believe that the abolitionists (only anti-slavery persons), who wanted an immediate end to slavery, radicalized the anti-slavery movement by demanding an, immediate end to slavery and recognition of equality by the year 1836. By the year 1607, Americans realized that the Chesapeake was immensely hospitable to tobacco cultivation. However growing tobacco meant more labor, but where was the labor source to be from? The Colonies found their answer in indentured servant, servants who voluntarily mortgaged the sweat of their bodies for several years to Chesapeake masters. In exchange they revived transatlantic passage and eventual freedom dues. However, due to various reasons, indentured servants no longer poured in to America as they had previously done. Thus, the importation of slaves from Africa began. Many rich plantowners, etc did not think of the moral obligations that one has toward God and were greedy. They exploited these poor, innocent, capable, Blacks and changed the World forever. The New Years Day in the year 1831, The Liberator (doc. D), had the following passage, Assenting to the self evident truth maintained in the American Declaration of Independence, that all men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights... ...

Turkey and Russia relationship during World War II Research Paper

Turkey and Russia relationship during World War II - Research Paper Example In the phony war phase of the Second World War, Russia got reach and control over the Turkish Straits which were of significant influence in the entire course of the war. Turkey had its interests intertwined with that of the Iranian affair and thereby it demanded more proactive actions from U.S.S.R in the course of the war. This led to overall bitterness in the state of affairs and diplomatic activities between the two states. Prior to the war, the two countries were interlocked into the treaty of Peace and Neutrality that was signed towards 1925. The development of the aforementioned scenario and overall tension led to the annulment of the treaty and further strangulation of the ties between these two states (BÄ °LGE 2012). Turkey found the demands of Russia being too advanced and unjust and this did not go well with the Turkish army. The Russians wanted to use the Turkish territory in the same way as was Poland used by Germany against it. Turkey would not allow this as it suspected Russia of having followed the policy that was continued from the days of the Ottoman Empire where the Russian state was alleged to have played a significant role towards overall weakening and subsequent destruction of the Ottoman Empire (Hale 2012). Strategic interests, Russia’s expanded interest in the region, past rivalry and past incidents of mistrust, Turkey’s refusal of surrendering to the demands directly made up for few of the causes of the overall resentment and disagreement between the two states.

Journal about the text, Shame of the Nation by Kozol, pages 285-317 Essay

Journal about the text, Shame of the Nation by Kozol, pages 285-317 and 265-284 of Jonathan Kozol's Shame of the Nation - Essay Example This intuition considers America being the superpower in terms of everything. Several questions arise, for instance, a reader asks what was amiss in the definition of the constitution to result with an education system that is not fully represented legally. Additionally, a reader cannot fail to the integrity and validity of the structure being incorporated to reflect the legal inclusions of the education systems from local to state to federal governments. The understanding of the difficult parts of the reading lies in the insights acquired during the first reading. Practically, the reader must incorporate a definition of terminologies in a layman’s language in order to perceive all the terms in the text in their correct context. To answer the questions raised, one must first consider when the constitution was written followed by the amendments that have been made in the course of time. Still, addressing concerns of education is the pertinent action requisite for the legal stakeholders to ensure America’s education system is well guarded constitutionally. When reading the second text, it is fathomable that American legal system has not addressed issues regarding education protection. Principally, Kozol provides an exploration of the diversity of the results that courts educe in the course of trying to establish equality and acquisition of formal education to all (Kozol 268). More so, a reader is able to understand the elucidated legal mechanics that America is putting across to address this education issue (281). The questions that arise regarding the cause of inequality in the education system yet, it is conventional that there is equity in all facets of formal life including the motto â€Å"education for all.† Is there equity in resource allocation and distribution as regards education acquisition? And lastly, is the disparity streamlined on gender or racial biases? Some aspects are only difficult to understand based

Opion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Opion - Case Study Example This case deals with how the company deals effectively with providing a service that is accurate and more than what the competition is offering. It is not very easy to give a verdict about a particular stock following its speculation in the market and people's perception but this is exactly what Opion set out to do in 2001 despite competition from the likes of a Vancouver based MindfulEye (www.mindfuleye.com) which provided a Moodscore for several stocks and Stockscores (www.stockscores.com) which provided clients with actual stock analysis based on technical grounds. Stockscores was actually superfluous because it did not provide analysis based on verbal speculation but Mindfuleye was more of a competition although none of these were considered actual competitors of Opion. Opion was a different ball game altogether. Its major product was Opion Financial Pro 1.0 which calculated hourly buzz scores on three major indices namely the Standard and Poor's 500, the NASDAQ 100 and the Dow Jones 30 Industrial Average. The basic work of Financial Pro 1.0 was to gauge fluctuations in stock values and help portfolio managers become better decision makers by analyzing how investors perceive a particular stock. Later, traditional methods were used to analyze the stock on more technical grounds. One of the major disadvantages of using such a method is inaccuracy. ... Hence Opion took three measures that advised a conjecture about a stock to be negative or positive. Relevance was of the utmost importance as trying to determine whether a particular posting is pertinent to the topic being discussed is of very high significance. Credibility came next as anyone can register on a forum and start discussions about something they may or may not know much about. So determining people who were actually familiar with the stock market lingo and characteristics was a challenge but a necessary one at that. Lastly, came influence. Any messaging or posts in a discussion forum are subject to influence from other people or even generally what is written in the forums. Influence gives wind to rumors and rumors blight credibility dramatically. These were some challenges that Opion had to face, which other companies may not have taken into consideration. Buzz scores, however may not be too accurate when looked at from a certain point of view. The case explains that there was high variance from day to day and stock to stock. While day-to-day variance may be taken into account and dealt with considering fluctuation volumes, stock-to-stock variance gave heed to inaccuracies. New economy stocks like Microsoft and Cisco obviously generate more talk and interest than old economy stocks due to the perception that these are essentially more profitable. Actually, this may not necessarily be the case. The major reason a new economy stock will be seen more optimistically is the fact that more people are talking about it and there is more speculation as to the trading of this stock. Old economy stocks may not be favorites here despite their market moving and index weight abilities. Hence, Opion was prone to get

Psychology and Association Test Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Association Test Essay Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and behavior. While students are often required to take experimental psychology courses during undergraduate and graduate school, you should really think of this subject as a methodology rather than a singular area within psychology. Many of these techniques are also used by other subfields of psychology to conduct research on everything from childhood development to social issues. Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. Do you enjoy researching human behavior? If you have a passion for solving problems or exploring theoretical questions, you might also have a strong interest in a career as an experimental psychologist. Experimental psychologists study a huge range of topics within psychology, including both human and animal behavior. If youve ever wanted to learn more about what experimental psychologists do, this career profile can answers some of your basic questions and help you decide if you want to explore this specialty area in greater depth. An experimental psychologist is a type of psychologist who uses scientific methods to collect data and perform research. Experimental psychologists explore an immense range of psychological phenomena, ranging from learning to personality to cognitive processes. The exact type of research an experimental psychologist performs may depend on a number of factors including his or her educational background, interests and area of employment. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics:â€Å"Experimental or research psychologists work in university and private research centers and in business, nonprofit, and governmental organizations. They study the behavior of both human beings and animals, such as rats, monkeys, and pigeons. Prominent areas of study in experimental research include motivation, thought, attention, learning and memory, sensory and perceptual processes, effects of substance abuse, and genetic and neurological factors affecting behavior. Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental methods to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists may work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. Experimental psychology is an approach to psychology that treats it as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. Many experimental psychologists have gone further, and have assumed that all methods of investigation other than experimentation are suspect. In particular, experimental psychologists have been inclined to discount the case study and interview methods as they have been used in clinical and developmental psychology. Since it is a methodological rather than a substantive category, experimental psychology embraces a disparate collection of areas of study. It is usually taken to include the study of perception, cognitive psychology, comparative psychology, the experimental analysis of behavior, and some aspects of physiological psychology. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist and philosopher, known today as the â€Å"Father of Experimental Psychology† Some Famous Experimental Psychologists: Wilhelm Wundt later wrote the Principles of Physiological Psychology (1874), which helped establish experimental procedures in psychological research. After taking a position at the University of Liepzig, Wundt founded the first of only two experimental psychology labs in existence at that time. (Although a third lab already existed William James established a lab at Harvard, which was focused on offering teaching demonstrations rather than experimentation. G. Stanley Hall founded the first American experimental psychology lab at John Hopkins University). Wundt was associated with the theoretical perspective known as structuralism, which involves describing the structures that compose the mind. He believed that psychology was the science of conscious experience and that trained observers could accurately describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as introspection. Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus was one of the first to scientifically study forgetting. In experiments where is used himself as the subject, Ebbinghaus tested his memory using three-letter nonsense syllables. He relied on such nonsense words because relying on previously known words would have made use of his existing knowledge and associations in his memory. In order to test for new information, Ebbinghaus tested his memory for periods of time ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days. He then published his findings in 1885 in Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. His results, plotted in what is known as the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, revealed a relationship between forgetting and time. Initially, information is often lost very quickly after it is learned. Factors such as how the information was learned and how frequently it was rehearsed play a role in how quickly these memories are lost. The forgetting curve also showed that forgetting does not continue to decline until all of the information is lost. At a certain point, the amount of forgetting levels off. What exactly does this mean? It indicates that information stored in long-term memory is surprisingly stable. In the realm of mental phenomena, experiment and measurement have hitherto been chiefly limited in application to sense perception and to the time relations of mental processes. By means of the following investigations we have tried to go a step farther into the workings of the mind and to submit to an experimental and quantitative treatment the manifestations of memory. The term, memory, is to be taken here in its broadest sense, including Learning, Retention, Association and Reproduction. The principal objections which, as a matter of course, rise against the possibility of such a treatment are discussed in detail in the text and in part have been made objects of investigations. I may therefore ask those who are not already convinced a priori of the impossibility of such an attempt to postpone their decision about its practicability. Gustav Fechner did not call himself a psychologist, some important historians of psychology like Edwin G. Boring consider the experimental rising of this science in Fechner’s work (1979, p. 297). More specifically, it was Fechner’s famous intuition of October 22, 1850 that, according to Boring (quoted by Saul Rosenzweig, 1987), gave opportunity to his work as a psychophysicist (Rosenzweig also remembers that this date that serves as reference to this event, is curiously close to Boring? birthday, October 23rd). In a more concise way, if we think Fechner’s psychophysics work as the junction of a philosophical doctrine (that correlates spirit and matter as aspects of the same being), an experimental methodology (correlating the variations of stimulus and sensations perceived) and an assemblage of mathematical laws (the famous Weber-Fechner law); in addition, the last two aspects are considered especially relevant to the rising of psychology. Nevertheless, to think that the rising of a science is restricted to the establishment of experimental procedure and to a mathematical formalization, is to forget a whole field of questioning in which the instruments created by Fechner could, in the middle of the 19thcentury, overcome some obstacles and answer some questions, notably the ones made by the critic philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Ernst Weber was a German physiologist and Psychologist. He was regarded as a predecessor of experimental psychology and one of the founders of Psychophysics, the branch of psychology that studies the relations between physical stimuli and mental states. He is known chiefly for his work on investigation of subjective sensory response (sensations) to the impact of external physical stimuli: weight, temperature, and pressure. Weber experimentally determined the accuracy of tactile sensations, namely, the distance between two points on the skin, in which a person can perceive two separate touches. He discovered the two-point threshold the distance on the skin separating two pointed stimulators that is required to experience two rather than one point of stimulation.