Restrictive health, safety and technical standards Essay

Technical Standards: Standards and standards-related technical regulations are pervasive features of global commerce, affecting an estimated 80 percent of world commodity trade. These technical specifications make up much of the vocabulary in the exacting language of industry, consumer protection, and government regulation. As such, foreign standards and methods used to assess conformity to standards can either facilitate efficient international trade and its resultant benefits, or they can impede access to export markets. Divergent standards peculiar to a nation or region, redundant testing and compliance procedures, unilateral and non-transparent standard setting exercises, and a confusing thicket of other standards-related problems are now recognized as major impediments to free trade. For example: Vietnam’s Ministry of Science and Technology publishes a list of imports and exports requiring mandatory quality inspection. Importers and exporters of the products on the list must subject their products to inspection and obtain a permit from the relevant government agencies (such as the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Fishery, and the Ministry of Science and Technology) at the time they go through customs. In the inspection, some products are subject to national standards, some are subject to regulations of the functional agencies, and some are subject to both. China is very concerned with the transparency of Vietnam’s mandatory quality inspection system. Language Barrier: Communication is the key to building successful business relationships. However, communication becomes complex when more than one language is involved. Interpreters and translators can play a critical role assisting exporters with the delivery of key information to prospective customers and clients. Interpreters and translators fulfill different roles in different cultures. For example, an interpreter in North America or Europe is expected to relay an unbiased account of the information to the audience. In Japan, however, an interpreter will translate the language and quite likely interpret gestures, context and meanings for those in attendance. Exporters should enlist the services of an experienced, fluent translator or interpreter who is also immersed in the culture of the target market. Working as a team, the exporter and the interpreter can review the text, presentation or other materials together to ensure that there will be no difficulties with background information, technical terms or potentially ambiguous messages. Non-tariff Barriers. Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) refer to the wide range of policy interventions other than border tariffs that affect trade of goods, services, and factors of production. Most taxonomies of NTBs include market-specific trade and domestic policies affecting trade in that market. Extended taxonomies include macro-economic policies affecting trade. NTBs have gained importance as tariff levels have been reduced worldwide. Common measures of NTBs include tariff-equivalents of the NTB policy or policies and count and frequency measures of NTBs. These NTB measures are subsequently used in various trade models, including gravity equations, to assess trade and/or welfare effects of the measured NTBs. Conclusion The world has a long history of international trade. In fact, trading among nations can be traced back to the earliest civilizations. Trading activities are directly related to an improved quality of life for the citizens of nations involved in international trade. It is safe to say that nearly every person on earth has benefited from international trading activities. This may be a good time to reinforce the idea that trade barriers are designed to protect some industries but, in fact they may hurt other industries or even consumers. Economists have found that sanctions don’t often reach their political objectives and they come with high costs. A good example is the steel tariff imposed by the Bush administration, on foreign-made steel. President Bush imposed the tariffs, ranging from 8 percent to 30 percent, on some kinds of foreign steel in March 2002, in order to help the U. S. steel industry compete with foreign steel producers. Many U. S. manufacturing companies that use steel, including manufacturers of auto parts and appliances, say that the steel tariffs have raised costs for manufacturers and caused thousands of manufacturing losses. Also, people who buy cars or appliances may have to pay higher prices because of the steel tariffs. The U. S. International Trade Commission recently concluded that the tariffs have caused a $30 million net loss to the U. S. economy. In addition, the European Union is considering retaliatory tariffs against the U.S. TBR (Trade Barrier Regulation) is Europe’s way of removing obstacles to trade, ensuring that countries abide by the rules of international trade, and providing procedures for resolving international trade disputes. Through the European Commission, its procedures interface directly with WTO dispute resolution procedures, affecting all countries subject to WTO rules and agreements notably the United States and Japan and whose industries have been the subject of recent international decisions. Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations in the world, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are politically important domestically, such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture and textiles by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs procedures. Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services. During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic industries. This occurred around the world during the Great Depression leading to a collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression. The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americas) failed largely due to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years. Bibliography 1. Barriers to entry: Coping with protectionism. UK Investment. 18 April 2007 2. Boone, L. , and Kurtz, D. Contemporary Marketing. New York: Dryden Press. 2003 3. Brue, S. , and McConnell, C. Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2003 4. Churchill, G. , and Peter, P. Marketing: Creating Value for Customers. Austen Press. 2004 5. Czinkota, M. R. , and Ronkainen, I. A. International Marketing. New York: Dryden Press. 2005 6. Competition and Market Power. Econoclass – Sources for Economics Teachers. 18 April 2007 7. Deardorff, Alan V. , and Robert M. Stern. Measurement of Nontariff Barriers: Studies in International Economics. 2005 8. Debra Ann Skaradzinski. Testing chaotic dynamics via Lyapunov exponents. Journal of Applied Econometrics 20:7, (2003): 911. 9. Fisher, Ronald, and Pablo Serra. â€Å"Standards and Protection. † Journal of International Economics 52 (2004): 377-400. 10. Farese, L. , Kimbrell, G. , and Woloszyk, C. Marketing Essentials. Mission Hills, CA: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 2003 11. Henson, Spencer, and John S. Wilson, eds. The WTO and Technical Barriers toTrade, in the Critical Perspectives on the Global Trading System and the WTO series, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. 2005 12. Impact of Standards and Technical Regulations on Trade. Press Release from Commerce Ministry (2003). 18 April 2007 13. Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2003): Pages 65-70 14. Kee, Hiau Looi, Alessandro Nicita, and Marcelo Olarreaga. Estimating Trade Restrictiveness Indices, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper # 3840.2006 15. Kotler, P. , and Armstrong, G. Marketing: An Introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 2004 16. â€Å"Methodologies, Classifications, Quantification and Development Impacts of Non-Tariff Barriers: Note by the UNCTAD Secretariat,† Document TD/B/COM. 1/EM. 27/2. (2004). 18 April 2007 17. Non-tariff Barriers Centre for Rural & Agricultural Development (2003). 18 April 2007 18. RSIE Working Papers. University of Michigan.(2005). 18 April 2007 < http://www. fordschool. umich. edu/rsie/workingpapers/wp. html> 19. The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade. Working Paper, Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales, Paris. (2003). 18 April 2007 20. Trade, Environment and Development. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2005). 18 April 2007 21. Vousden, Neil. The Economics of Trade Protection. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2005.

Can Sudan Split Without Falling Apart? Essay

1. The fact that families like Achai Chol’s are leaving northern Sudan indicates that the people would rather be in southern Sudan fighting for southern independenceto stopthe imminent war and creating a better life for them and their families. 2. The thesis of the article is that Sudan has been politically unstable over the period of its two long civil wars. The south did not identify with the Arab led Sudanese society and created a referendum on southern independence. The two halves of the nation fight in an imminent war killing millions while trying to resolve the issues. 3. The size of Sudan is big compared to other African nations. Sudan is Africa’s biggest country. 4. The two halves of the nation differ in culture, race and religion. 5. In Sudan’s history, the United State’s brokered a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) to end more than half a century of conflict, creating an autonomous southern region and holding out the option of secession if the south so chose. 6. The south chose to agree to the CPA to separate the south from the north. 7. The words of Kiir Mayardit, â€Å"This is the final part of our journey,† are inherent compared to the direct quotes in the first two paragraphs because they are saying that south Sudan is their home, the place where they belong, and the place that they want to fight for. 8. Mutual reliance is when two sides are interdependent on each other. Where there is a relationship in which each member is mutually dependant on the other. 9. The first sentence of paragraph six â€Å"But if Sudan’s history makes dividing the nation seem an obvious solution, drawing a line in the sand is not as easy as it sounds† is saying that it is obvious that Sudan should be divided, but it’s not possible to just draw a line between the north and the south. It requires negotiating, which they are not willing to compromise to. 10. Parts of the north wanting to secede along with the south is most likely going to stand in the way of a peaceful solution to dividing the country, because the north does not approve of it. 11. The chief method used to pursue a peaceful solution is to use Sudan’s oil as a force for peace. 12. The United States and other countries are willing to make diplomacy to ensure peace in Sudan. 13. â€Å"Divorce could mean a crushing alimony† is the analogy the author uses to illustrate that the division might be difficult. The author is describing the separation of the two sides as a divorce, and the expense that it’s going to cost the north as the alimony. The type of figurative language used in the analogy is a metaphor. 14. The most glaring divide between northern and southern Sudan is the government structure. 15. An agreement to share the prosperity of aid and oil exports will be required of all parties involved to reach a successful end. 16. When reading the quote in the concluding paragraph, â€Å"Damned if I know. There are an astonishing range of problems that are going to wash over this place,† I visualize a man of high power saying it. The inclusion of the quote keeps the meaning of the article by saying that the two sides are still going to have many problems and war even after they are separated. 17. The author uses the information in the last paragraph to describe how Sudan has problems and will still have problems and war. â€Å"Failure – in the form of war – will be easy to spot.† But the author also says â€Å"Success will be less obvious: slow, messy and with endless setbacks,† meaning that the problems are being resolved in a slow and unmannerly fashion.

Children and Video games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Children and Video games - Research Paper Example The physical games enhanced the physique of the children, and enabled them to develop social skills (Vorderer & Bryant, 2006). In spite of all the benefits of physical games, children still spend most of their time playing video games making them forget or ignore other issues that might be important in their lives. For example, some children will ignore their homework or they might do it hurriedly with the intention of creating more time for video games. It is the role of the parents to ensure that their children reduce the time spent in playing video games by encouraging them to participate in physical games. In as much as playing video games enhances the thinking capacity of a child, and keeps him busy, it affects their health, leads to violence and affects relationships. Benefits of Video Games There also exist benefits that come with children playing video games. Since children usually spend a lot of their time playing video games, they frequently develop abilities that are essen tial in making meaningful decisions (Vorderer & Jennings, 2006). During the game play, a child usually takes a considerable time before moving onto the next level; and for good performance to be realized, a child needs adequate thinking capacity. It is clear that video games usually enhance the thinking capacity of the children. ... As mentioned earlier, when children spend most of the time playing video games, they usually ignore other issues that might be important in their lives. Apart from neglecting their homework, most children usually fail to prepare their food. In some cases, they will prepare their meals in a hurry. The food consumed usually affects the health of these children by causing them to suffer from ailments that could have been avoidable in the first place. Since the video games are highly addictive, these children usually develop a habit of consuming poorly prepared food. This situation leads to the parents spending a lot of money in treating their children due to of the developed health complications. It is the role of the parents to control the time spent by their children in playing video games. This approach will be very important in ensuring that their children are not affected negatively by the video games. The approach is also important to both the parents and children because every pa rent desires to be associated with well-behaved children. Effect of video games on children’s health Video games are usually played within the house meaning that strenuous movements do not characterize them. Unlike in physical games that involve many movements, video games is required for the players to gather themselves in a room. It is clear that video games usually eliminate all opportunities that might allow the children to engage in any outdoor or physical game. As mentioned earlier, physical games are important in promoting the interaction as well as creating physical contact among children. However, video games limit the use of muscles posing negative effects on the health of a growing child. Concurrently, outdoor games give the children an opportunity

Term Paper on Martin Van Buren Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Martin Van Buren - Term Paper Example He had a very busy life following in the footsteps of other leaders. Yet, his life did not begin that way. Initially, Van Buren resided from a humble home. He was descended from a Dutch background, the son of a farmer and a tavernkeeper in Kinderhook, New York (Martin Van Buren, 2010). What inspired him to become a politician stemmed from his career as a lawyer. Van Buren got into New York politics and climbed his way up to become the â€Å"Albany Regency,† which was an effective political organization in New York (Martin Van Buren, 2010). He utilized his position in his favor by commencing actions that were considered shrewd in reference to dispensing public offices as well as establishing a system to encourage voters to vote in his favor (Martin Van Buren, 2010). Van Buren did not stop there. He was not a man to settle on just any career, in fact, he set his rights on higher political standings to which he successfully attained. Van Buren was elected into the States Senate i n 1821 (Martin Van Buren, 2010). Since he excelled, he caught the attentions of President Andrew Jackson just six years later. From there, Van Buren became the principal northern leader, then immediately advanced into the position of Secretary of State (Martin Van Buren, 2010). ... Specifically, Van Buren and Calhoun clashed. The solution arose when Calhoun and the Secretary of War, Eaton, resigned, which allowed the rest of the cabinet to follow suit (Martin Van Buren, 2010). This enabled Jackson to appoint a whole new cabinet, thus rendering Van Buren into the position of Vice President through votes brought on by the election in 1836. Beforehand, President Jackson attempted to reward Van Buren’s diligent work and loyalty by making him the Minister to Great Britain, yet this vote was outdone by Calhoun who declared a martyr of Van Buren (Martin Van Buren, 2010). Van Buren’s political life up to the point of 1837 appeared to be nothing less than a series of accomplishments and moments of great pride. After all, he carried himself in immaculate fashion and become the only individual who carried President Jackson’s trust to the extent in which it was given. Shortly after Van Buren announced his course as newly appointed Vice President was de vote himself to the American experiment as an example to the remainder of the world through his Inaugural Address; every thing came to a crashing halt. Trouble ensued in the form of the cyclical economy â€Å"boom and bust† phenomenon (Martin Van Buren, 2010). Karl Marx discovered a pattern to how depressions come about. Before the Industrial Revolution, there were little to no cycles of inflation and recession, which Marx inherited it to mean, that the business cycles were an inherent factor of the capitalist market economy (Rothbard, 1969). The point of understanding the causes and effects of depressions help politicians to uncover the solution. With Van Buren’s case, President Jackson actually contributed to the event by destroying the Second Bank of the

Thomson one-business school edition-walt disny prospectus Essay

Thomson one-business school edition-walt disny prospectus - Essay Example To ensure business maturity the company has increased its diversification in a range of products apart from media. The 2008 Disney Walt Prospectus Plan In 2008 the company came up with a plan to its investors or shareholder. The main aim of this plan was to encourage investor confidence by providing long-term stock ownership among the current stock holders and new stock holders. This was through providing a plat form through which shares could be purchased and then re-invested. The administrators of this plan were the Disney Shareholder Services Department. Prior to this public offer the company acknowledged that there were some risks that the investors had to be prepared. In the prospectus, one was eligible if he/she had five common registered shares registered either in his name or in certificate. Suppose one had fewer than five shares registered in his name then he/she had to pay $250 as an initial investment. The minimum and the maximum amount to be invested was from $50 to $ 250 000 this included the initial investment (Craddock& Thomson Gale 2008). The 2008 to 2010 period at Walt Disney The company offered $ 94.00 million as debenture which was to mature after three years. Through the years this value has greatly reduced in terms of value of the debt that the company owed the public. From the information from the data given the 2008 the company had the biggest debt. This explains why the company went to the public borrowing through its prospectus plan. The 2008 prospectus plan was meant to help the Walt Disney Company from debt and bring it back to solvency. This was a bright and ambitious idea that the company had planned (Craddock& Thomson Gale 2008). The Debt to Capital, Comparison to Industry value at (2008- 0.32), (2009- 0.28), (2010- 0.25) , we can deduce the debt that Walt Disney proposed to public helped in a great deal the company to come back to solvency. The idea that comes to one mind is, did the investors who participated in this plan were th ey paid? This is logic because the more profitable a company becomes then the investors are expected to benefit automatically. This is because it means that the company automatically gains more so it should the same to its shareholders who are the owners of the company (Craddock& Thomson Gale 2008). The percentage of the sales price Disney nets after discounts and commissions increased during this period. The increase in discounts meant that the price was slightly lower than normal. This was done essentially to attract more people to come and invest in this ambitious plan. The increase of sales automatically meant that the company had accumulated a lot of capital from the prospectus plan. In any sale the decrease of the commodity price usually leads to more sales, this is because it increases the demand by the people to acquire the commodity as each every one has the power to purchase the commodity (Craddock& Thomson Gale 2008). The company was able to use the funds from the 2008 pr ospectus plan since the company`s debt over time has been decreasing exponentially bringing it back to solvency. The company was able to turn around and it diversified most of its operations, products and services. This shows in entirety that the funds that the investors put in the company were able to be put in good use. The company has now come to solvency though not fully

Typical Day in the Life of Middle Class Family Essay

Typical Day in the Life of Middle Class Family - Essay Example As she got out of bed, her maid Anne, walked in bearing a tray of coffee and wished her good morning. She replied rather distantly, her mind already on the various things she had to prepare for this week. Amelia, her youngest daughter, really needed a governess. She needed to learn a little discipline and decorum. After all what was overlooked in India wouldn't do here. She was only eight it was true, but London society was very different. The child had been allowed to run a little wild in India what with her ayah and the various servants around. I'll talk to Susan today and see what she recommends, she thought , as she was helped into her corset by Anne. The maid laid out her morning dress on the bed as Mrs. Bentham got into her stockings and donned the various layers of petticoats that would hold up her skirts. Walking downstairs she ran a slightly critical fingertip over the statuary in the niche on the landing and frowned at the light layer of dust that covered it. Downstairs she found her housekeeper, Mrs. Lovell waiting for her to discuss the weeks menus. "I've spoken to Charles ma'am and I think it would be better to order the fish from another man. I don't think the man's to be trusted at all these days. I had to return the plaice today; it wasn't fresh at all." The housekeeper said. She continued into the dining room, where... "Yes'm". She continued into the dining room, where she found her husband already at breakfast. She sighed as he folded his newspaper and smiled at her. He was a man who was used to activity and enjoyed solving problems. The years in India as a district judge had suited him. Now, upon his return to London, he was more than a little lost in the life expected of a man of his class. He was a regular in his club where he enjoyed long discussions on politics and science, but she knew that he secretly longed for a far more challenging practice of law than his genteel clientele of upper - middle class personages allowed. Lately, he had been hinting of his wish to handle some rather disreputable cases from the lower classes of London. "Well, I've finally got my hands on it," he said waving a book at her. "What dear" "Darwin's treatise on the origin of species. Heard so much about it, that I thought I should order it from Jones. Now perhaps I can argue with that old fool Samuels." "I really wish you wouldn't dear", she replied, perturbed. "After all, he's as much right to believe in God as anyone does. And I heard that this is really preposterous, claiming we arose from animals and so on." "Good morning, Papa, Mamma.", chimed a voice from the door. The couple looked up to their eldest daughter Lydia, tripping in , in a pretty pink-sprigged dress. She was nineteen and pretty and had been a great success in London's society since they had returned six months ago. As Mrs. Bentham looked at her, her thoughts went to the problem of getting her married well. It was high time, now that there was so much interest in her. The girl needed a new opera gown and then there was the

Training and Career Development Strategies help to solve IT Thesis

Training and Career Development Strategies help to solve IT Professional Retention in Vietnam - Thesis Example on then on how to help the IT professionals actually realize their role in making a better Vietnam through embracing the international practices of being an IT worker. Since it is understood that the birth of IT in the country still remains to be young, it may not be that easy to help the people within the country realize that they are indeed doing an important job for their country. (Belinda, 32) Some may even loose interest once faced with too much pressure at work thus simply decide to change their career concentrations to less stressing ones compared to that of the IT operations that they are involved with at present. Hence, in this section of the study, understanding how to effectively motivate the said professionals of Vietnam through an effective management approach and efficient training procedures shall be well discussed. Because employees need to learn how to work with new equipment-such as word processors, computers or possible, robots, companies are finding that they must offer proper planning programs that are often sophisticated enough to support the skills enhancement needs of the employees. Training and development include all attempts to improve productivity and competencies of the employees. Training focuses on short-term skills, whereas development focuses on long-term abilities.(Neelankavil, 1992, 33) It should be noted though that both training and development programs include three steps: (a) assessing the needs of the organization and the skills of the employees to determine training needs, (b) designing training activities to meet the identified needs and (c) evaluating the effectiveness of the training. Some common training and development activities are employee orientation, on-the-job training, job simulation and management training. (Hubert, 2006, 437) (a) Employee training is the activity that initiates new employees to the organization; to fellow employees; to their immediate supervisors and to the policies, practices, and objective

Same sex marriage shoul not be allowed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Same sex marriage shoul not be allowed - Essay Example ive demographic change, it is quite twisted and bizarre to claim that it is the role of married couples to procreate just to keep the stability of the western civilization. Plus, its much exaggerated. The main area in the article that is quite vague is that which speaks about the role of married heterosexual couples in driving and maintaining the western stability by procreating and having more children. The author refers to it as a role for them to carry out and fulfill, and this perception seems quite distorted and untrue. Moreover, it is stated that an acceptance of homosexuality will bring about the decline of western civilization, as the denouncement of it enabled the creation and continuance of this civilization. Although having a wrong perception of the situation, the source does seem credible. It does not only present facts meant to convince and persuade readers to agree with it, but also presents some opposite opinions and fact, such as the one about the MCCs acceptance of gay marriages. The main fallacy presented by the author once again has to do with the role of the heterosexual and married couples in maintaining the stability of the western civilization by their procreating and delivering more children. The author claims that that is what has kept the western civilization throughout the centuries, and this is clearly false and exaggerated. One argument the author makes is that men and women are uniquely biologically compatible, and explains his claim by saying that the human body can identify the intrusion of any unknown or alien matter into it and destroys it. However, the mans semen contains something that enables it not to be destroyed by the womans body, hence bringing forth the possibility of creating a baby. The conclusion of the author in the article is that marriage is a tool which leads to having children, and since the bond of "two become one" exists biologically and historically only between men and women, marriage of homosexual couples

Budgets are primarily p ressure devices used by management to ensure Essay

Budgets are primarily p ressure devices used by management to ensure organisational objectives are achieved - Essay Example Some of the purposes of budgeting in the hotel industry include: - helping to plan work effectively; - assisting in allocating resources; - aiding in controlling resources during the budgeting period. Moreover, it is important to understand that a budget is developed to insure that management is working toward the same goal, with a knowledge base of the organizations' resources and constraints. Although strategic planning, budget forecasting, performance analysis are inclusive operations of the budgeting process; it is ultimately up to the financial analyst to determine whether the budget is guiding the company toward the achievement of its goals. Sometimes inefficiencies result due to poor integration of the finance and strategy. â€Å"Budgeting and performance are typically overseen by the finance department, whereas planning s coordinated by strategy department. Often, the two processes aren't well integrated, resulting in strategies that are often dictated by the budget process instead of vice versa† (Gary 2003). The reason for this could be that everyone involved may be attempting to accomplish the same goals, but also trying to make sure that the outcome will be beneficial to them, such as a substantial bonus or a reward. Although many companies implement this reward theory in an effort to increase organization effectiveness, this theory does not always work. According to Aranya, â€Å"participation may create intrinsic valences due to a tendency for individuals to become â€Å"ego† involved in decisions which they have contributed, and this affects their subsequent performance† (Aranya 2001). " (Aranya 2001). Forms of budgeting There are many forms of budgeting, but in the hotel industry "the first step in the budgeting process is to develop and communicate a set of broad assumptions about the economy, the industry, and the organizations strategy for the budget period" (Marshall, 2004). By establishing an operating and financial budget for a future period, management can identify problems in advance. This can be maintained by forecasting for future predictions. A forecast is a reflection of the future. When forecasting is taken into account, two key aspects to consider are cash budgets and sales forecast. The cash budget, usually 1 to 2 year increments, is a statement of the company's inflows and outflows of cash. It allows the company to estimate the short-term cash limitations, with attention to potential planning for excess cash or shortages. On the other hand, sales forecast estimates the monthly cash flows that will result from projected sales receipts, production and inventory. Management can also det ermine the level of fixed assets required to support the forecast level of sales and production. However, it is important to obtain reliable data. As a result, this data should be acquired by internal, as well as external means. The internal sales forecast is based on unison of sales forecast through the company's internal network. External forecast, on the other hand, is based on the relationship between the company sales and key external economic indicators. This means being able to identify how future economic events will affect the business as a whole. This includes looking at consumer outlook, inflation, and political events. Many companies are now implementing a new concept of rolling forecasts in an effort to reflect the most recent market trends. "Rolling forecasts have considerable merit. A forecast produced on a quarterly basis will

Ben and Jerrys Remarkable Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ben and Jerrys Remarkable Success - Essay Example We have a progressive, nonpartisan social mission that seeks to meet human needs and eliminate justices in or local, national and international communities by integrating these concerns into our day to day business activities. Our focus is on family and children, the environment and sustainable agriculture on family farms Employees enjoy working at Ben and Jerry's and the company maintains a low turnover. The company states that they have a deep respect for human beings inside and outside the plant. According to the Employee Job Satisfaction Model revised by Richard Scholl, job satisfaction is the employee response to the organization. The company ability to meet the expectations of employees determines job performance. The Affective component of the model reflects the way employees feel about being a part of that work force. Ben and Jerry's has succeeded in producing positive attitudes in many ways, including making working for them fun. In 1987 when increased demand put pressure on employees, Ben and Jerry's created a committee called The Joy Gang. The group plans events throughout the year for holidays, birthdays, parties and secret events to surprise employees. The supervisors participate too promoting a team feeling and avoiding the, us and them, mentality sometimes occurring in big business. The management structure has captured the attention of numerous business journals such as Ethics and Behavior, T&D and American Business Law Journal. Ben and Jerry's incorporates moral management, or as Jerry Cohen phrases it, "caring capitalism." Not only does the company donate 7.5% of annual profits to projects like the homeless, rain forests and social changes for peace, but keeps employees happy with free ice cream daily, free health club memberships and subsidized childcare. The top executive is also limited to earning seven times the amount made by the lowest paid worker (Sikula, 1996). Ben and Jerry's cooperates with the community and local farmers for raw materials. By supporting small farm operations the company honors its focus on family and socially aligning sourcing. Milk and cream is purchased from St. Albans Cooperative Creamery, which agrees not to inject the growth hormone, rBGH into dairy cows as required by Ben and Jerry's. While the hormone is approved by the FDA and increases milk production, it also causes serious health problems for the cows. The hormone is already banned in Canada and the European Union. Ben and Jerry's has also mingled passion and social responsibility into all aspects of the business including product development, human resources, plant operations and marketing. Company leaders keep the social impact of their decision making foremost in their plans, even if it means making a slim profit. The outcome of this philosophy has been incredible (Chang, 2001). In echoing the requirements of a satisfied employee as indicated by the Employee Satisfaction model, Chang stated, "People don't check their personalities at the office door and become automatons: Their performance is predicated on their feelings toward their work." Richard Chang, who is CEO of a performance improvement

Othello Essay Example for Free

Othello Essay Shakespeares Othello is the study of how a seemingly successful Venetian general, is skilfully manipulated by the cunning Iago, who by exploiting Othello’s insecurities transforms his identity into a jealous murderer. At the beginning of the play, Othello’s identity is that of an assiduous black general who fought exceptionally hard to gain respect in a white dominated society. In marrying Desdemona, Othello adds to his identity by being a lover and husband and his identity is portrayed to be interconnected to his love for Desdemona. Iago is jealous of Othello’s high standing and greatly respected identity and therefore undermines Othello’s confidence in his wives faithfulness and turns his identity into an irrational jealously. Shakespeare utilises a number of key techniques in ‘Othello,’ to indicate the extent of Othello’s identity changes. These changes are effectively conveyed to the audience through the contrast of Othello’s outward appearance with his affable interior. They are further exemplified through the themes of love and jealously and via alterations in Othello’s language, as Othello’s confidence in Desdemona is slowly undermined. In the first Act of the play, Othello’s identity is shaped by a variety of negative images which promote the stereotype of the black African slave in a white dominated society. Although these images are not a true reflection of Othello’s identity, Shakespeare has very effectively done this in order to accentuate how Othello’s identity slowly changes throughout the play to reflect the initial images presented to the audience. In Act One, Othello is not once referred to by his actual name. Rather, he is referred to as â€Å"he,† â€Å"him,† and the derogatory terms â€Å"thick-lips† and a â€Å"Barbary horse. † Shakespeare makes use of this technique to establish Othello’s displeasing physical identity. Brabantio also describes Othello as a â€Å"sooty bosom,† whom his daughter Desdemona would never have agreed to marry without the use of witch craft and magic charms, â€Å"If she in chains of magic were not bound, whether a maid so tender, fair and happy, so opposite to marriage that she shunn’d. Contrastingly, Othello’s elevated status in Venetian society, reflected in his high naval position, demonstrates an identity that is greatly respected, so much so that not even the accusations of Brabantio affect his status. This is clearly demonstrated when the duke says, â€Å"Your son in law is far more fair than black,† thus signifying that Othello’s black skin hides an amiable interior. However, as Ot hello’s confidence in Desdemona is undermined, Othello is driven to the verge of insanity and his identity begins to reflect the negative images initially presented in the first act. This is achieved through the use of imagery, in which Othello is likened to the devil, â€Å"And what delight shall she have to look on the devil. † By the end of the play, Othello’s ‘blackness’ starts to show and his identity changes from a â€Å"War like moor,† to a man characterised by wrath and irrationality. In ‘Othello,’ love acts as a binding force between Othello and his wife Desdemona, and the initial impression portrayed by Shakespeare to the audience is of Othello as a romantic who has complete faith in his wife. Othello’s identity is shaped by his infatuation of Desdemona, â€Å"My soul hath her content so absolute that not another comfort like to this succeeds in unknown fate. † The link between Othello’s identity and his love for Desdemona is further accentuated in, â€Å"But I do love thee; and when I love thee not, Chaos is come again. † However as Iago’s manipulative plan takes shape, Othello grows insecure about his relationship and he begins to question why he married, â€Å"Why did I marry? Othello changes from a confident, in control, self-assured man into a doubtful man weakened by his love for Desdemona. His wives supposed infidelity leaves Othello a tormented broken man who is unable to go on living. Jealously is the most corrupting and destructive of emotions, which when instilled in Othello, drives him to insanity and causes substantial changes to his identity throughout the play. Initially, Othello claims not to be a jealous man, â€Å"Do you think Id make a life of jealousy, to follow still the changes of the moon with fresh suspicions? He possesses a â€Å"free and open nature,† and this exceptional vulnerability allows Iago to manipulate Othello’s trusting character and twist his love for Desdemona, into a powerful and destructive jealousy, â€Å"O beware, my lord, of jealously: It is the green eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on. † As soon as Iago launches his deceptive plan and jealously is roused within Othello, it becomes so self-intensifying that he is taken over by an uncontrollable irrationality and his ability to make coherent decisions is over-ridded. Othello’s identity is transformed from a self-assured man into an envious persona and this is cemented in, â€Å"Trifles light as air, are to the jealous confirmations, strong as proofs of holy writ. There is a significant change in identity, â€Å"The Moor already changes with my poison,† from a smart, sensible person, to one characterised by jealously. A distinct transformation in Othello’s language is used to demonstrate how Othello’s identity changes substantially throughout the course of the play. The identity of Othello is closely aligned to his marriage with Desdemona and he feels that his status in society has been elevated because he is a black man married to a high class Venetian women. As Othello’s marriage is demoralised, Othello’s identity undergoes change and these changes are strongly emphasized through Othello’s choice of language. Initially, Othello is an idealist and romantic who generally speaks in verse throughout the play, â€Å"It gives me wonder great as my content to see you here before me. † His language is quixotic and heightened conveying an affectionate persona; one profoundly linked with his flourishing marriage. However, once Othello is made aware of Desdemona’s ‘infidelity,’ their relationship is put under immense strain and Othello grows increasingly stressed, confused and angry. This is reflected in a change in language, which moves from polite and eloquent at the beginning of the play, to aggressive and exceedingly visual, â€Å"I’ll tear her to pieces. † This alteration in language portrays a character change, from a gentleman, to a violent and belligerent person. By the end of the play Othello’s identity transformation is so substantial, he is unrecognisable, â€Å"My lord is not my lord. Othello is no longer the man he used to be. Shakespeare successfully conveys changes to Othello’s identity throughout the course of the play through the contrast of his outwards appearance with his amiable inner identity. His identity changes are further enhanced by the accentuation of the bond between himself and his wife and the devastating effects the weakening of this bond has on him. The destructive force of jealously and Othello’s naive view on marriage are additionally used to show how Othello moves from a confident, strong and highly regarded naval officer to someone completely broken by his love of another.

Middle School and Happiness Essay Example for Free

Middle School and Happiness Essay Happiness comes in all shapes and sizes. What makes you happy may not make someone else happy. The idea of happiness may not be the same for any two people, or maybe not for anyone you come across with. Happiness is an emotion causes by thousands of things. It is an abstract idea that cannot be fully described. What makes you happy changes as you get older, you do not like the same things your whole life so it is normal that your interests start to change. Like mentioned before not everyone has the same interests and cannot feel happiness from the same things. From firsthand experience I can say that I am the perfect example of finding different happiness. They have changed from my years in elementary school, middle school, and high school. Let’s start with elementary school. When I was in elementary school what brought me happiness was having time to spend at my friend’s house after school. Because I lived far away from the school that I attended I didn’t really know anyone in my neighborhood. There were days though that my parents would let me go to a friend’s house and stay there for a few hours while they got out of work. I didn’t have to be at my grandma’s house bored so that made me really happy, and I had a lot of fun while I was there so that made it even better. Another thing that made me feel happiness was being able to go two days out of the week to band practice. I liked being able to play my instrument and making beautiful sound come out of something so little. Playing with the band was my thing I could not stop smiling and feeling all this joy inside as I played. When the director put his arms up and signaled us to start playing was so thrilling knowing that we were about to make beautiful music all together. I think back and see how simple things made me really happy as a child. Now let’s talk about middle school. While I was in middle school I was still in band and yes it still brought me happiness. The main thing that brought me happiness while I was in middle school was being a little more free from home and my parents. If I remember correctly it was seventh grade that I went to my first dance, you can imagine my excitement. When I was at the dance my friends and I were having a great time, we were laughing and  dancing the whole time. Because it was my first dance it was a very fun time, and it brought so much happiness to be able to share that experience with my friends. When I was in high school all of my interests changed and even now I have the same interests. I found my passion for singing so I auditioned to join the school choir and I made it. Being in choir class was the best thing that I did when I was in high school. The happiness that I felt when I walked into that class every day I have no words to describe it. To top it all off when I started to sing and hear the chords we would all make together gave me the chills. There was not a single day that passed where hearing myself and others around me sing was not magical. When I would have a bad day I waited for third period to talk into class grab my folder from my cubic and start to sing and just forget about everything. Music was my escape from being upset, it was the way for me to forget about what was going on in my life. The happiness I felt was so great, even now I turn to music for help and comfort. In conclusion, happiness is an abstract emotion that cannot be easily defined. Not everyone feels happiness in the exact same way or from the same things. But no matter where our happiness comes from we all feel it. We feel it as kids, as teenagers, and as adults. Even though what causes us happiness may change the characteristics of it do not. The smile, the giggle, and the butterflies in your stomach do not disappear. From firsthand experience I know that we all go through phases, but not matter how old we get, we are always going to be happy.

Radiocarbon Dating in Archeology

Radiocarbon Dating in Archeology The science of archaeology has undeniably enriched mankind’s history and has helped to quench the quest to understand our past cultures in a better way. Understanding the age and period of existence of the excavated fossils and other organic objects will help the archaeologist to unravel human history and evolution in a scrupulous manner (Taylor 24). Archaeologists utilize one of the revolutionary methods called the radio carbon dating to determine the approximate age of the organic materials including plant and animal parts up to 50000 years (Long). Radiocarbon dating technique is primarily based on the radioactive decay of Carbon-14 isotope. Developed by a team of researchers under the leadership of Dr. Willard Libby, this technique had revolutionized the way the archaeological advancements are made in learning about the past civilization and cultures, changes occurred in the earth and in its climate. Radiocarbon dating enable archaeologists to provide proof of authenticity to the excavated artifacts’ period of usage and thus by collaborating with the efforts with historians and anthropologists, the unwritten history can be precisely explained. Significance Desmond Clark (1979) opinions that if radio carbon dating technique were not discovered, we would still be foundering in a sea of imprecisions sometime bred of inspired guesswork but more often of imaginative speculation (Clark, 1979:7). According to Higham (1999) C14 method can be described as ‘the radio carbon revolution’ which has significantly impacted our understanding about evolution and also cultural emergence of human species. Taylor (1987) suggests C-14 technique as one of the most significant discoveries of 20thcentury that touches the realms of many disciplines including archaeology. Prior to the development of radiocarbon dating it was difficult to determine the age of the artifacts unless it was accompanied with some chronologically specific things like a coin. Otherwise archaeologists had to resort t to the method of relative dating where by comparing with stratigraphically close objects [objects which are buried at the same depth will be approximately of t he same era.] clue regarding the time period and historical styles were assumed or rather guesstimated. But the advent of carbon-14 dating tools has opened up the new scope of absolute dating where scientists could predict the age of excavated artifacts and objects with great precision up to 50,000 years old. For example, if a tree was found to be used in an excavated piece of architecture, by determining the age of the tree or the period when the tree was cut down for construction, the era to which the excavated architecture exactly belongs can be estimated (Michels, J W). The Method of Carbon-14 Technique Archaeologists rely on the various radiometric dating techniques- based on the radioactive properties of unstable chemical atoms to determine the age of the materials. Researchers from the field of Physics have discovered that radioactive molecules are unstable and they undergo decay to attain a stable structure at a specific rate which is directly determined by the atomic number and mass of the decaying atom (Polach, H.A and. Currie, L.A). Based on this constant of the radioisotope of carbon, 14-C or carbon -14 the age of the organic material is assessed. In the biosphere carbon-14 is created by the collision of a neutron, exited by the cosmic ray collides with a nitrogen atom. The isotope of carbon thus produced is radioactive and it will undergo decay at a constant rate (Berger and H.E Suess). The carbon isotope is also absorbed during photosynthesis by plants and reaches animal body when they consume plant parts. It also reaches the organisms through respiration along with normal carbon-12. It is assumed that in a living object carbon-14 which undergoes decay is replaced at a steady rate. The carbon dating technique takes the assumption that al l livings have fairly same percentage of 14C isotope in their body and also that the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon -14 present in the biosphere and inside the living plants and animals remain constant. After the death of the organism the carbon intake is stopped. Then the amount of carbon-12 in the body will not reduce but the amount of carbon-14 undergoes reduction due its radioactivity. Carbon-14 isotope will undergo decay at an exponential rate to form the stable nitrogen-14.Thus by comparing the relative quantity of carbon -12 and carbon -14 in an organic matter excavated scientists can predict the age of the object (R.E Taylor and M.J Aitken). The following equation is used to determine the carbon-14 decay. Where N is the current amount, N_o is the original amount, lambda is the proportionality constant for the growth rate (which is negative for decay), and t is the amount of time that has passed. Figure: 1 Carbon -14 lifecycle. Source: (Brain, 2014) The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. This implies that it takes 5730 years for half of the 14C atoms in the organic matter to get decayed. When an organism is dead the intake of the carbon-14 stops and in a 5730 year time period, half of the amount of carbon-14 present in the organic matter would have undergone beta decay to form stable Nitrogen-14. The burning of a small piece of the excavated organic matter and measuring the electrons emitted during the process by the decaying carbon-14 by radiation counters enable to quantify the amount of carbon -14 present in the material. This data will help the scientists to relationship of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 atom and can be used to predict the age of the artifact directly. Limitations This method assumes that the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the atmosphere and in the living organism will be a constant. But studies have showed a slight fluctuation in this ratio over the millennia and hence there is a possibility and consequent discrepancy in calculation too (Currie). Another limitation is the difficulty in estimating the age of things which are older than 50000 years as the amount of C-14 in such samples become absolutely undetectable due to complete decay. Conclusion Despite all the limitations radio carbon dating will remain as a significant tool for archaeologist around the globe to compare and understand the evolution of human culture and civilization. Advancements in this field like accelerator techniques of carbon-14 dating (C. Tuniz, J.R Bird, D.Fink, and G.F Herzog 60) conducted with the help of mass spectrometer have increased the range of the technique up to 100000 years (Nave). Thus undoubtedly radiocarbon dating remains one of the significant tools for the archaeologist to explain the evolution and cultural emergence in a more accurate manner. Works cited Brain, Marshall. How Carbon-14 Dating Works. 03 October 2000. HowStuffWorks.com.  http://science.howstuffworks.com/carbon-14.htm> 18 March 2009. Berger and H.E Suess (eds.). University of California Press, Los Angeles.. 1979: Pp. 7-31. Print Clark, J.D. Radiocarbon Dating and African Prehistory. In, Radiocarbon Dating. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference, Los Angeles and La Jolla, 1976. Currie, LLoyd A. The Remarkable Metrological History Of Radiocarbon Dating [II]. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 109.2 (2004): 185-217 Higham, Thomas. The Method. 1999. http://www.c14dating.com/int.html.04 Nov 2014. Long, Kelly. Why Is Radiocarbon Dating Important to Archaeology. California State Parks.http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=24000> 1 March 2009. Michels, J W. Dating methods in archaeology. Seminar Press, 1973. Nave, R. Accelerator techniques for carbon dating. http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/cardat.html>15 April 2009. Polach, H.A and. Currie, L.A. Exploratory analysis of the international radiocarbon cross- calibration data: consensus values and interlaboratory error. Preliminary note. Radiocarbon,. 1980: -35-933.Print. Taylor, R.E. 1987. Radiocarbon Dating. An archaeological perspective. Academic Press, Orlando, USA. Taylor R.E and M.J Aitken. (eds) 1997. Chronometric dating in Archaeology. Advances in Archaeological and Museum Science, volume 2. Oxford University, England Tuniz, J.R Bird, D.Fink, and G.F Herzog.. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Ultrasensitive analysis for global science. CRC Press. 1998.

Computers :: essays research papers

COMPUTERS Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life. Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl; they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it’s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as: Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded th at they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies. Computers :: essays research papers COMPUTERS Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life. Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl; they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it’s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as: Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded th at they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies.

Auschwitz Essay -- essays research papers fc

Auschwitz: A Historical Overview of the Death Camp The Holocaust is one of the most horrifying crimes against humanity. "Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population. He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme." (Bauer, 58) One of his main methods of exterminating these ‘undesirables' was through the use of concentration and death camps. In January of 1941, Adolf Hitler and his top officials decided to make their 'final solution' a reality. Their goal was to eliminate the Jews and the ‘unpure' from the entire population. Auschwitz was the largest concentration camp that carried out Hitler's ‘final solution' in greater numbers than any other. The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. Hitler established the camps when he came into power for the purpose of isolating, punishing, torturing, and killing anyone suspected of opposition against his regime. In the early years of Hitler's reign, concentration camps were places that held people in protective custody. These people in protective custody included those who were both physically and mentally ill, gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi regime. By the end of 1933 there were at least fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. At first, the camps were controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the S.S. (Hitler's personal security force) was ordered, by Hitler, to control the camps. (Feig, 20) These camps were set up for many different purposes: Some for forced labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for the mass destruction of the Jews. (Feig, 21) However, there was never a clear idea from camp to camp as to the true purpose. Was it to extract labor or merely to kill? We do know that Auschwitz was designed for those three reasons stated. Its ultimate goal though was to exterminate as many people possible in the shortest amount of time. The first death camp, Chelmno, was set up in Poland on December 8, 1941. This was five weeks before the Wannsee Conference at which time the 'final solution' was planned out. (Feig, 23) Usually, the death camps were part of exi... ... Chartock, Roselle. The Holocaust Years: Society on Trial. New York: Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, 1978. Ellis, Marc. Ending Auschwitz. Louisville: John Knox Press, 1994. Feig, Konnilyn G. Hitler's Death Camps. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1979. Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, 1981. G Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust - A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, 1985. Meltzer, Milton. Never to Forget the Jews of the Holocaust. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Nyiszli, Dr. Miklos Auschwitz: An Eyewitness Account of Mengle's Infamous Death Camp. New York: Seaver Books, 1960. Rossel, Seymour. The Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981. Schwartz, Aaron F. Hitler's Final Solution. London: Oxford Printing, 1972. Sofosky, Wolfgang. The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. Auschwitz Essay -- essays research papers fc Auschwitz: A Historical Overview of the Death Camp The Holocaust is one of the most horrifying crimes against humanity. "Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population. He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme." (Bauer, 58) One of his main methods of exterminating these ‘undesirables' was through the use of concentration and death camps. In January of 1941, Adolf Hitler and his top officials decided to make their 'final solution' a reality. Their goal was to eliminate the Jews and the ‘unpure' from the entire population. Auschwitz was the largest concentration camp that carried out Hitler's ‘final solution' in greater numbers than any other. The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. Hitler established the camps when he came into power for the purpose of isolating, punishing, torturing, and killing anyone suspected of opposition against his regime. In the early years of Hitler's reign, concentration camps were places that held people in protective custody. These people in protective custody included those who were both physically and mentally ill, gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi regime. By the end of 1933 there were at least fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. At first, the camps were controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the S.S. (Hitler's personal security force) was ordered, by Hitler, to control the camps. (Feig, 20) These camps were set up for many different purposes: Some for forced labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for the mass destruction of the Jews. (Feig, 21) However, there was never a clear idea from camp to camp as to the true purpose. Was it to extract labor or merely to kill? We do know that Auschwitz was designed for those three reasons stated. Its ultimate goal though was to exterminate as many people possible in the shortest amount of time. The first death camp, Chelmno, was set up in Poland on December 8, 1941. This was five weeks before the Wannsee Conference at which time the 'final solution' was planned out. (Feig, 23) Usually, the death camps were part of exi... ... Chartock, Roselle. The Holocaust Years: Society on Trial. New York: Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, 1978. Ellis, Marc. Ending Auschwitz. Louisville: John Knox Press, 1994. Feig, Konnilyn G. Hitler's Death Camps. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1979. Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, 1981. G Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust - A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, 1985. Meltzer, Milton. Never to Forget the Jews of the Holocaust. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Nyiszli, Dr. Miklos Auschwitz: An Eyewitness Account of Mengle's Infamous Death Camp. New York: Seaver Books, 1960. Rossel, Seymour. The Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981. Schwartz, Aaron F. Hitler's Final Solution. London: Oxford Printing, 1972. Sofosky, Wolfgang. The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  True love never runs a smooth coarse. And this is quit evident in A Midsummer Night's Dream. The young love of two people is far more powerful than one thinks. And at the end true love will prevail no matter what gets in the way. Hermia and Lysander are the two lovers where nothing goes their way. Their love is so strong that nothing shall get in the way of true love. Hermia is faced with a decision to marry Demetrius, the man she doesn’t love, or be faced with death. The father of Hermia is the one setting up the marriage between the two. There love is so strong that they will let nothing stop them, so they run away together into the woods. This truly is a sign of true love. And that the coarse of true love never did run smooth. These two young lovers are willing to risk everything for love. The we have Helena, the sort of crazy girl will stop at nothing to win the heart of Demetrius. Even if it means hurting the others around her. The only problem is that Demetrius is supposed to marry Hermia. And this starts the endless struggle of love. So off into the woods Lysander and Hermia, but Helena tricks Demetrius into going to the woods to hoping he would see Hermia and Lysander together, then Demetrius w ould want Helena. The only thing that Helena didn’t know that it would make him mad when he saw them together. Now if there hasn’t been enough trouble among the young lovers; Oberon the fairy king decides to do something about the trouble. The only problem is that appoints his sidekick, if you call him, Puck to help out. Now Oberon knows the trouble between the young lovers so he calls on Puck to retrieve this love poison. And when that poison is put into the eyes of someone, they will fall in love with the first person they see when they awake. So this even makes everything else more complicated. Puck messes up and puts the poison in the wrong eyes. He was suppose to put it in the eyes of Demetrius, but he puts it in the eyes of Lysander. And guess what happens, Helena is the first person Lysander sees. So now everything is crazy.

Poultry meat

Poultry meat production and welfare in Beijing – Consumer views, values and purchase behaviour Maln aim, I would like the study to explore consumer values and attitudes towards the poultry industry and the factors influencing consumer choice and purchase of poultry meat. The report should study the range of consumer views relating to poultry meat with regard to food safety, welfare assurance, country of origin, utilisation of the carcase, taste, labelling, branding and assurance schemes where relevant.Key areas of Interest and objectives: To report on the current structure of the poultry meat supply chain ( farm to retail including production volumes, number of producers, the supply chain, volumes sold, import / export To review recent trends in the purchase of poultry meat ( where bought from, volumes, consumption trends, prices, range of products – whole birds and portions) Carry out primary research to investigate factors influencing the purchase of poultry meat and the views of consumers relating to Country of originProduction systems ( intensive, free range, organic etc) Welfare, assurance schemes, food safety Marketing Mix – price, promotion, products, place (segmentation and point of sale), Branding, Labelling, Quality – taste, colour etc To suggest what changes may take place In the future for the poultry meat supply chain In BelJlng and Information of value to marketers. Proposed method: Primary research – Quantitative survey Range of question formats Self-administration SamplingDifferent regions, Large towns, Small towns and villages Cross-section of demographic types Enables comparison to be made with earlier work I have attached a questionnaire which was used in the UK and I would like similar researcn Delng un e en n BelJlng using tne same questions wnere posslDle so that I may make comparisons. There will of course, be additional questions which are relevant to poultry meat in Beijing which will need to be includ ed ( or questions amended to suit).

The American Military Government in Germany during World

The being state of fight II was a significant chapter in the history of Ger m e very(prenominal) an opposite(prenominal). It was a global forces conflict that took inject between 1939 and 1945. It brought considerable changes in the geographical, kind and economic aspects of the country. Ger some(prenominal)s of import eachies in the war were Japan and Italy, while the conjugate States, Britain and the Soviet Union were on the opposition side. The creation state of war II had a devastating invasion on Japan, 1 of Germ alls primary(prenominal) allies. The tabucome of the war resulted in the division of Germany into four phalanx commerce organization zones.France was stipulation the charge of southwest, while the British forces asc decisionanceled the north eastside. The Soviet forces assumed the jibe of the east and a US legions disposal was open in the south . The main objective of the allied forces was to end the national societalism in Germany and put th e country on the way to democracy. Although four armed forces forces control zones were created after the end of public war II, the US host politics in Germany had begun its work in 1994. Background of the US forces regime in Germany The semipolitical program to establish a troops administration in Germany began much earlier.Follo boostg the outbreak of World contend II in 1939, the authorizeds of the Department of State in the building blocke States, began their assessment on the post-war initiatives. They believed that the spliffed States would affirm a decisive influence on the peace spatetlement and post-war construction activities . It was very(prenominal) clear from the beginning that the US phalanx had to verbalism sticky lying-ins of g everywherening war-ravaged Germany. The leaders and troops of the fall in States were called upon to act up with a serial of challenges in political, social, economical and pecuniary affairs besides handleing h ealthy philosophy and inn in the country.The State Department set up its first research unit of measurement of measurement for the preparation of post-war distant polity. The unit was cognize as the Division of Special Research. economic expert Leo Pasvolsky led the research unit . When the coupled States entered the war in 1941, the unit began developing a spaciotemporal plan and policy development strategy. The strategy communicate the discover puzzles to be experienced by the multitude governance in Germany and Japan. institution of the army politicsThe army machine authorities set up in Germany during World War II performed elementary functions much(prenominal) as relieving the tactical troops of lodge ins and carrying out customary and level-headed obligations of a armed forces crease. It formulated a national policy in coiffure to serve a range of political, social and economic purposes. The primary objective of the soldiers governing was to s uss out stability in the war-torn Germany. It similarly had the aim of initiate essential measures for the benefit of battalion.The personal line of credit of Germany by the US force forces began on kinsfolk 15, 1944, when a small town called Roetgen on the German-Belgian b parliamentary procedure was detached by onanism D8B1 . D8B1 was a urbane affairs withdrawal. It was dexterous to work in liberated territories. The soldiers detachments finally entered Germany on September 28, 1944 with climb-down I4G2 taking control of Monschau near Roetgen. Aachen, the horse opera province in Germany was captured within a few weeks and Detachment F1G2 was installed there . F1G2 was knowing to administer cities and territories around them.The soldiers governing body detachments were organized in England and in the United States. The E detachments were the largest ones. Each E detachment had twenty- six-spot officers and thirty- tailfin enlisted men. Those detachments were designe d to wee over the giving medication of all German states. They were too charge the inspection of opposite detachments F and I that were installed within them . The smallest detachments were the H and I detachments. H detachments had five officers and ex enlisted men, while the I detachments had four officers and six enlisted men .The small detachments had been assigned the control of rural districts and small municipalities. Although only a small part of Germany could be brought low control of the US soldiers forces, the occupation laid the foundation of the forces political sympathies in Germany. Officers of the US legions political science The US array organization in Germany was a result of effective cooking and training for years. The training of the forces presidency officers and enlisted men began at the force administration School, Char packtesville, Virginia in 1942.The troops political science officers who were move to Germany were the product of servi ce schools and they were more in force(p) than otherwise army personnel in the United States . The average age of the officers, who joined the legions governance was forty years. They comprised of both in-service officers and noncombatants. Most officers had long experience in handling civilian work. They had expertise in law, teaching, engineering, police or social work. They were deft and well- desexd to run the troops governance in Germany. Advancement of the US Military Government in GermanyWhen the first detachment locomote into Germany in 1944, many stack had question on the success of the mission. A lot of groundwork was done to convince masses most the real number objective of the mission. The capital of the Russian Federation overseas Ministers conference held in October 1943 had distinct that the entire German filth would be active and put at a lower place the control of the military authorities. The atomic number 63an Advisory care (EAC) was created for determining the boundaries of the zones and devising control machinery for the suitable administration . When the military detachments entered Germany, they did non hold up any approved guidance or policy.After entering the German territory, they were apt(p) instructions from the US governing body. The military governing detachments had many things to do in the field. The military authorities appointed mayors and administrators. Registration of tribe was done on a priority basis. To affect law and ordinance in the cities, curfews had to be enforced . After the occupation of the territory, the military government experienced another(prenominal) problem of providing food and ration to the affected the great unwashed. fodder supplies and rationing dodgings were organized. Weapons and other prohibited articles were seized by the military government.The military government matte the need for adequate to(predicate) open wellness and safety for the people and Germany an d make indispensable arrangements on that regard. The war had devastated building and other habitual utilities. The military government act its vanquish to restore those utilities and operate them. The public utilities included schools, medical units and public glamour system. The military government realized that it had to manage a balance between the national socialists and crude German people. While it had to deal with the Nazis, militarists and racists with an put function hand, it besides had to restore faith among people about its mission and objectives.The World War II brought the German economy to a standstill. The Nazis disappeared with the retreating German troops. However, they left a series of problems to be handled by the military government. The US military government in Germany took punk rock measures against Nazis and Nazi sympathizers. At the like time, it centre on construction and rehabilitation measures. Aachen was a strategic point for the US milit ary forces. That served as the gateway to the occupation of square German territory. When the Battle of the Bulge took menage with German Ardennes offensive, the civilians became terror-stricken .The military government officials properly retained the concentration camps and ensured that the civilians were to the lowest degree affected by the horror of the war. The US military government in Germany charge recruited some prisoners of war as policemen. Their craft was to restore law and order and ensure safety of people and their properties. Throughout the battle, the US troops and supplies passed through the occupied areas without any hindrance. The military government had organized the occupation. It also demonstrated tactical moves in decisive bit.By April 1945, the US Sixth and one-twelfth Army groups held the entire assigned US zone in the German territory. They also captured additional areas in German territory. It was the vizor time for the military government to head its detachments. The H and I detachments advanced with the cause line troops by removing Nazi officials. Nazi officials were replaced by non-Nazis. E, F and G detachments established themselves in the occupied cities . By the end of March 1945, at least 150 detachments were deployed in Germany. That was about two- third base bases of the military government strength .In April, the military government exhausted its allotments of trained detachments. It resorted to organizing doubtful detachments using anti-aircraft artillery, field artillery and guide personnel. After crossing the Rhine River, the military government undertook another righteousness of rehabilitating the displaced persons. There were over five million liberated prisoners of war. They belonged to France, Belgium, Holland, Russia, Poland and Yugoslavia and were detained by the Nazi forces of Germany. The displaced people were to be interpreted care of by the UNRRA (United Nations Relief and refilling Administrati on).The UNRRA did not have adequate workforce or the resources to carry out the responsibility efficiently. Hence, the military government took the charge of the displaced people . Those people were victims of Nazi tyranny and German aggression. They were provided all the raw material amenities much(prenominal) as food, clothes and houses by the military government. Their safety and security was the main concern of the military government. The displaced people from Western Europe were sent home. However, the Russians and the Poles were not received by their respective governments.Thus, they became long-term guests of the military government . The Governance of the US Military Government The American military government in Germany was a result of the America foreign policy. The US government did not demand an administration rature in Germany that would overwhelm its position on the global arena. The US government knew that its military government in Germany was sitting over hun ger, chaos and confusion. It also did not want to manage an big-ticket(prenominal) overseas operation. However, it was well-aware of its responsibilities and the strategic importance of induction the military government in Germany.The US government provided financial and material assistance to the military occupation forces. It also provided residuum and rehabilitation supplies from Germany to countries that were devastated by Nazi aggression. The US military government in Germany was provided a free hand to undertake second-stringer and rehabilitation measures. Germany was used by the US military government as a main center to pass rilievo materials to the war-affected countries. The Handbook Implementation The German state of matter Unit founded by the United States had the paternity of a military government enchiridion for Germany.It was believed that the handbook was the only document for the works military government officers. The handbook was comprehensive and incorpor ated all guidelines required for superb governance. The German Country Unit worked on the handbook. The final draft was distributed within SHAEF ( unconditional home base allied Expeditionary Force) and to civil agencies in Washington and London . The handbook was different from the standard policy and procedures. It dealt with all the military government problems anticipated before the German occupation.The main objective of the handbook was to restrain the work-load of the military government officials and protect them from trying procedures and policies in German conditions. The first class of the handbook provided descriptions of the probable conditions in Germany and working procedures of the military government. The second section was the purport of the handbook. It contained chapters on the twelve primary civil affairs and military government functions. The third section contained basic information on the Supreme commanding officers declaration, jurisprudences and laws .The proclamation was aimed to the people of Germany in the concern of General Eisenhower as Supreme Commander of confederate Expeditionary Forces. It declared the Supreme Commanders authority on the legislative, legal and administrator power within the occupied German territory . The proclamation also hang up German courts and educational institutions. It required all officials and public employees not to relinquish their posts until upgrade notice. The first three formulas make under the Handbook were very controversial. The first ordinance outlined crimes against the Allied Forces punishable by death.There were nineteen crimes that came under the list. The second ordinance established military government courts in Germany under the supervision of the US officials. The third ordinance made English the official language of military government . The laws were dissever into two classes. One set of laws were required to establish and maintain military government control . Another set of law was to deal with National Socialism. The fundamental Nazi laws and their supplemental decrees were abrogated . Any interpretation of German law in accordance with Nazi doctrine was prohibited.There were other laws that abolished the National Socialist troupe and the use of its symbols. Functioning of the US Military Government According to the war veterans, the US military government in Germany was come apart than the British and French military administrations. When the military government was planned to be established in Germany, its main objective was to commute enemies into friends. However, at a later stage, the decoct was shifted to obtain co-operation of people, minimize fear and disbelief among them and change the attitude of ordinary Germans towards the US and its allies.In August 1944, the Civil affairs Division proposed a post-surrender directive, which had the goal of maintaining a firm and humane administration. The directive provided particul ar proposition guidelines to the government on key issues. Those key issues included destroying Nazism and Fascism, preserving law and order and restoring normalcy among people . The economic policy of the military government focus on preventing the inflation rate from growing up further. The war had a negative daze on the countrys economy and it was heading for a financial crisis.The Nazis cared a little about the economic stability in the country. They ever so pursued their own agenda and prosecuted people who did not abide by the rules defined by them. Price control was another important task to be handled by the military government in Germany. The military government focused on unequivocal prices, reducing unemployment and providing emergency moderateness and housing facilities to people. The war generated a large case of unemployment in the country as many offices, administrative bodies, basic utilities, public and offstage properties and backup establishments were eit her closed or destroyed.Providing employment to people was one of the onerous tasks performed by the military government. It did its level best to include Germans in the construction, rehabilitation and other administration work. Key US Policies The reciprocal Chiefs of Staff (JCS) 1067 was an approved US policy for the post-war Germany. It was a comprehensive document that focused on three important issues. Those were denazification, demilitarization and de rallyization . Some of the top officials in the US and in Germany had reservation on the writ of execution of JCS 1067.According to them, the policy did not have a clear idea of the conditions in Germany asked for a few changes that would make it flexible. Germany had political hegemony in Europe because of its military and financial capabilities. However, the war completely upsetd its position on the global forum. Throughout the war, people in Germany lived under fear and horror. The military government was assigned a nearl y unattainable task of organizing the people of Germany and motivating them to join the mainstream without fear and suspicion.In 1942, President Roosevelt maintained that governing civilians was a civilian task and it was endorsed y his successor, President Harry S Truman. In 1945, Truman declared that the military should not have governmental responsibilities . He believed that the military must perform only military operations. Despite all the arguments and debates, the military government stayed in Germany for a long time. Detachments were distributed crosswise all of the US zones and major part of other zones of the Allied Force. The governments of the US, Britain and France negotiated for the establishment of many-sided control.However, the Russians did not agree to the proposal of marriage and made it clear that they would not enter into any agreement unless they had full possession of their assigned zone . In the absence of a consensus, JCS 1067 remained an exclusive US po licy. Problems Faced by the Military Government The establishment of the US military government in Germany was intend to serve the real purpose of people. However, the military government had to face some(prenominal) problems to give its key policies. While expanding its base through the German territory, the military government had notice large stretches of unplowed and unplanted fields.At the same time, it was estimated that there might not be complete food stocks in Germany to maintain the people for a long period. As the agriculture of the country had been destroyed to a large extent, the military government import thousands of tons of seeds. It also released Wehrmacht horses for farm work. The military government also set up farm machinery to repair shops . Priority was given to plantation, as food production was very essential for the war-ravaged nation. However, the seeds could not be pose in time because of the continued state of war and the yield was likely to be redu ced.At least 60 to 70 percent of the SHAEF-occupied territory was not agriculturally self-sufficient. With the limited food production, it was not possible to sustain the German cosmos for a long time. The military government was determined to prevent a estimable problem like starvation. It provided small measuring rod of food materials to people so that enough food could be stored for their proximo use. In June 1945, the SHAEF imported 650,000 tons of wheat for Germany. similarly food, the possibility of a firewood shortage also became a concern for the military government.In July 1945, the military government urged the Germans to cut and store firewood for the approaching winter . There were several basic problems faced by German people in the wake of the World War II and foreign occupation. The US military government in Germany took effective measures to address all the problems. The Military Government laws excluded Nazi party members from both private and public employmen t. As a result, the military government offices were overwhelmed with loads of work. The military government asked the business establishments to purify themselves. That made the task of the military government much difficult.Many business owners and managers changed their trade titles and made deals to hide their real identity from the military government. When the law took effect, military government property offices became trustees for thousands of establishments . During the process of denazification, the Germans were given a crash course in democracy. Orders were given to the German state governments to create verbally election codes. The military district commands were asked to crap for election to be held in future. Investigations were carried out to identify the potential candidates in future elections and their antecedents .The voters had to be registered after proper mental essaying as the elimination of Nazis and other unentitled people was very crucial from the mil itary governments point of view. Military Government Courts Military government courts were established in Germany in September 1944. They had a significant impact on the democratization of the German people. The military government courts addressed key issues such as civil rights, privileges and immunities . An independent workbench was available to dispense impartial rightness according to law. The US military occupation courts had a long experience in dealing with major occupations.Hence, they did not face major hurdles in Germany. Their main objective was to maintain law and order and protect the interests of the occupying force. Major changes were implemented during the World War II planning for Germany. The German judiciary was reduced to an institution of baffle practice because of the policies of the Nazi regime and disturbances during the five years of war. It was no chronic a trusted institution for the people in Germany. The US military government adjudge the need fo r the reconstruction of a denazified German judicial system based on democratic principles.A more elaborate system of military courts was established. Those courts had the goal of brining substantial changes in the judicial functioning besides acting the traditional functions. The judicial procedures followed in the military government courts were a combination of the US Army court martial, the German legal system and the Anglo-American system . The entire judicial process witnessed complete innovative ideas. In the beginning, the courts did not have enough lawyers and had to be manned by officers who were not legally trained. Later it was made mandatory for all the intermediate and normal courts to have at least one lawyer.The ordinance declare by the US military government provided certain fundamental rights to all persons appearing before these courts. Details of those rights were printed on the reverse side of every court tantalize . All the accused were given a fair chanc e to be indue at their trial to examine or cross-examine the witnesses. Between 1944 and 1945, 343 military government courts had move more than 15 thousand cases in the US zone . The US military government courts helped the military government to win the trust of the German people. The promulgation of ordinances failed to transmit the average German.However, the court procedures provided them the opportunity to test their fundamental rights and judge themselves whether those rights provided them real resistance or not. Roadmap for the Future The military government considered denazification and democratization of Germany as its supreme goal. It prepared its officers and enlisted men to stay longer in Germany even after the end of war. It feared an uprising against the occupation. The military government asked its detachments to condemn all German officials that they and their people would be responsible for any revolt against the United States forces.The military government k new that it would be difficult to suppress any future uprising launched by hungry and displaced people. It made adequate arrangements to prevent starvation and provide necessary help to people in the virulent winter cold. The State Department made specific policies in Germany and the military government administered that policy. The American military government locomote quickly to establish the agencies as per the Potsdam agreement. The American military government created German underlying administrations headed by German state secretaries.The proposal was first made in the Allied Control Council (ACC) and was implemented later. The secretaries performed functions under the general directives of the ACC . The US Military government began recruited German personnel for the central agencies. There were several functioning areas for the Agencies. They included finance, transport, communications, international care and agriculture. Identifying efficient German personnel was not an easy task as the military government was determined to remove Nazis from the system. A ministerial collection center in Kassel was established.At the collection center, personnel, records and documents related to the central agencies were assembled . The military government desired to reduce its day-by-day supervision of German affairs by establishing central German administrations. It prepared for the transition from military to civilian control. Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and Lucius D. Clay planned to transmute the military government to a civilian organization by July 1, 1946. The United States Forces European Theater (USFET) document outlined a plan for administrative reorganization and prepare for the ultimate transfer of military government to the US civilian agencies .Conclusion There is no doubt that the World War II brought significant changes in the social and political structure of Germany. There was a frightening attempt made by the Allied Forces to completely elim inate Nazism from Germany. The lordly Nazi regime forced the humans into a deadly and expensive war. Military governments by occupation forces usually fail to win the trust of the common people. However, situation in Germany was completely different. The US military government in Germany did an excellent job in maintaining law and order and providing food, relief materials and shelter to the affected and displaced people.While they severely penalize the Nazis and their sympathizers, they provided every possible help to the civilians who cherished to see their country on the right track. 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