Opion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Opion - Case Study Example This case deals with how the company deals effectively with providing a service that is accurate and more than what the competition is offering. It is not very easy to give a verdict about a particular stock following its speculation in the market and people's perception but this is exactly what Opion set out to do in 2001 despite competition from the likes of a Vancouver based MindfulEye (www.mindfuleye.com) which provided a Moodscore for several stocks and Stockscores (www.stockscores.com) which provided clients with actual stock analysis based on technical grounds. Stockscores was actually superfluous because it did not provide analysis based on verbal speculation but Mindfuleye was more of a competition although none of these were considered actual competitors of Opion. Opion was a different ball game altogether. Its major product was Opion Financial Pro 1.0 which calculated hourly buzz scores on three major indices namely the Standard and Poor's 500, the NASDAQ 100 and the Dow Jones 30 Industrial Average. The basic work of Financial Pro 1.0 was to gauge fluctuations in stock values and help portfolio managers become better decision makers by analyzing how investors perceive a particular stock. Later, traditional methods were used to analyze the stock on more technical grounds. One of the major disadvantages of using such a method is inaccuracy. ... Hence Opion took three measures that advised a conjecture about a stock to be negative or positive. Relevance was of the utmost importance as trying to determine whether a particular posting is pertinent to the topic being discussed is of very high significance. Credibility came next as anyone can register on a forum and start discussions about something they may or may not know much about. So determining people who were actually familiar with the stock market lingo and characteristics was a challenge but a necessary one at that. Lastly, came influence. Any messaging or posts in a discussion forum are subject to influence from other people or even generally what is written in the forums. Influence gives wind to rumors and rumors blight credibility dramatically. These were some challenges that Opion had to face, which other companies may not have taken into consideration. Buzz scores, however may not be too accurate when looked at from a certain point of view. The case explains that there was high variance from day to day and stock to stock. While day-to-day variance may be taken into account and dealt with considering fluctuation volumes, stock-to-stock variance gave heed to inaccuracies. New economy stocks like Microsoft and Cisco obviously generate more talk and interest than old economy stocks due to the perception that these are essentially more profitable. Actually, this may not necessarily be the case. The major reason a new economy stock will be seen more optimistically is the fact that more people are talking about it and there is more speculation as to the trading of this stock. Old economy stocks may not be favorites here despite their market moving and index weight abilities. Hence, Opion was prone to get

Psychology and Association Test Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Association Test Essay Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and behavior. While students are often required to take experimental psychology courses during undergraduate and graduate school, you should really think of this subject as a methodology rather than a singular area within psychology. Many of these techniques are also used by other subfields of psychology to conduct research on everything from childhood development to social issues. Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. Do you enjoy researching human behavior? If you have a passion for solving problems or exploring theoretical questions, you might also have a strong interest in a career as an experimental psychologist. Experimental psychologists study a huge range of topics within psychology, including both human and animal behavior. If youve ever wanted to learn more about what experimental psychologists do, this career profile can answers some of your basic questions and help you decide if you want to explore this specialty area in greater depth. An experimental psychologist is a type of psychologist who uses scientific methods to collect data and perform research. Experimental psychologists explore an immense range of psychological phenomena, ranging from learning to personality to cognitive processes. The exact type of research an experimental psychologist performs may depend on a number of factors including his or her educational background, interests and area of employment. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics:â€Å"Experimental or research psychologists work in university and private research centers and in business, nonprofit, and governmental organizations. They study the behavior of both human beings and animals, such as rats, monkeys, and pigeons. Prominent areas of study in experimental research include motivation, thought, attention, learning and memory, sensory and perceptual processes, effects of substance abuse, and genetic and neurological factors affecting behavior. Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental methods to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists may work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. Experimental psychology is an approach to psychology that treats it as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. Many experimental psychologists have gone further, and have assumed that all methods of investigation other than experimentation are suspect. In particular, experimental psychologists have been inclined to discount the case study and interview methods as they have been used in clinical and developmental psychology. Since it is a methodological rather than a substantive category, experimental psychology embraces a disparate collection of areas of study. It is usually taken to include the study of perception, cognitive psychology, comparative psychology, the experimental analysis of behavior, and some aspects of physiological psychology. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist and philosopher, known today as the â€Å"Father of Experimental Psychology† Some Famous Experimental Psychologists: Wilhelm Wundt later wrote the Principles of Physiological Psychology (1874), which helped establish experimental procedures in psychological research. After taking a position at the University of Liepzig, Wundt founded the first of only two experimental psychology labs in existence at that time. (Although a third lab already existed William James established a lab at Harvard, which was focused on offering teaching demonstrations rather than experimentation. G. Stanley Hall founded the first American experimental psychology lab at John Hopkins University). Wundt was associated with the theoretical perspective known as structuralism, which involves describing the structures that compose the mind. He believed that psychology was the science of conscious experience and that trained observers could accurately describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as introspection. Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus was one of the first to scientifically study forgetting. In experiments where is used himself as the subject, Ebbinghaus tested his memory using three-letter nonsense syllables. He relied on such nonsense words because relying on previously known words would have made use of his existing knowledge and associations in his memory. In order to test for new information, Ebbinghaus tested his memory for periods of time ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days. He then published his findings in 1885 in Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. His results, plotted in what is known as the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, revealed a relationship between forgetting and time. Initially, information is often lost very quickly after it is learned. Factors such as how the information was learned and how frequently it was rehearsed play a role in how quickly these memories are lost. The forgetting curve also showed that forgetting does not continue to decline until all of the information is lost. At a certain point, the amount of forgetting levels off. What exactly does this mean? It indicates that information stored in long-term memory is surprisingly stable. In the realm of mental phenomena, experiment and measurement have hitherto been chiefly limited in application to sense perception and to the time relations of mental processes. By means of the following investigations we have tried to go a step farther into the workings of the mind and to submit to an experimental and quantitative treatment the manifestations of memory. The term, memory, is to be taken here in its broadest sense, including Learning, Retention, Association and Reproduction. The principal objections which, as a matter of course, rise against the possibility of such a treatment are discussed in detail in the text and in part have been made objects of investigations. I may therefore ask those who are not already convinced a priori of the impossibility of such an attempt to postpone their decision about its practicability. Gustav Fechner did not call himself a psychologist, some important historians of psychology like Edwin G. Boring consider the experimental rising of this science in Fechner’s work (1979, p. 297). More specifically, it was Fechner’s famous intuition of October 22, 1850 that, according to Boring (quoted by Saul Rosenzweig, 1987), gave opportunity to his work as a psychophysicist (Rosenzweig also remembers that this date that serves as reference to this event, is curiously close to Boring? birthday, October 23rd). In a more concise way, if we think Fechner’s psychophysics work as the junction of a philosophical doctrine (that correlates spirit and matter as aspects of the same being), an experimental methodology (correlating the variations of stimulus and sensations perceived) and an assemblage of mathematical laws (the famous Weber-Fechner law); in addition, the last two aspects are considered especially relevant to the rising of psychology. Nevertheless, to think that the rising of a science is restricted to the establishment of experimental procedure and to a mathematical formalization, is to forget a whole field of questioning in which the instruments created by Fechner could, in the middle of the 19thcentury, overcome some obstacles and answer some questions, notably the ones made by the critic philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Ernst Weber was a German physiologist and Psychologist. He was regarded as a predecessor of experimental psychology and one of the founders of Psychophysics, the branch of psychology that studies the relations between physical stimuli and mental states. He is known chiefly for his work on investigation of subjective sensory response (sensations) to the impact of external physical stimuli: weight, temperature, and pressure. Weber experimentally determined the accuracy of tactile sensations, namely, the distance between two points on the skin, in which a person can perceive two separate touches. He discovered the two-point threshold the distance on the skin separating two pointed stimulators that is required to experience two rather than one point of stimulation.

Commodity Prices :: essays papers

Commodity Prices The financial term commodity is defined as a physical substance, such as food, grains, a and metals, which is interchangeable with other product of the same type, and which investors buy or sell, usually through future contracts. Or more generally, a product which trades on a commodity exchange; this would also include foreign currencies and financial instruments and indexes. When one speaks of a commodity, they can be referring to two types of this aspect of finance. A cash commodity or an actual is an actual physical commodity which is delivered at the completion of a "contract" This is the lesser utilized of commodities.(Investors Glossary) The more predominant type of commodity that is used is the commodity futures contract. The futures markets are described as continuous auction markets and exchanges providing the latest information about supply and demand with respect to individual commodities, financial instruments, and currencies. Futures exchanges are where buyers and sellers of an expanding list of commodities, financial instruments, and currencies, come together to trade. The primary purpose of futures markets, is to provide an efficient and effective mechanism to manage price risk. The futures market allows buyers and sellers to stabilize the price of something. Individuals and businesses seek to achieve insurance against adverse price changes. This is done by buying or selling futures contracts, with a price level established now, for items to be delivered later. A common practice amongst the traders of futures is called hedging. The details of hedging can be somewhat complex but the principle is simple. Hedgers are individuals and firms that make purchases and sales in the futures market solely for the purpose of establishing a known price level-weeks or months in advance-for something they later intend to buy or sell in the cash market (such as at a grain elevator or in the bond market). In this way they attempt to protect themselves against the risk of an unfavorable price change in the interim or hedgers may use futures to lock in an acceptable margin between their purchase cost and their selling price. A perfect example of how the futures trading works is provided in the agricultural form of commodities. For example, a food manufacturer will need to buy additional corn from his supplier in three months.

Cost of Capital for Marriott Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursewo

Cost of Capital for Marriott Mentioned Tables Not Included Objective: 1) Calculate the divisional and the company cost of capital and explain the calculation. 2) Evaluate Marriott's use of company cost-of-capital rate for the individual divisions. Cost of Capital for Lodging Division can be expressed as CC = We*Ce + Wd*Cd. For the weights of debt and equity (We and Wd), the 1988 target-schedule rates of debt-to-assets and debt-to-equity were used as the only measures available in the case. Cost of Equity (Ce) was calculated based on the CAPM formula. 30-year T-bond was used as a long-term risk-free security to get the risk-free rate, since Marriott used the cost of long-term debt for its lodging cost-of-capital calculations. The market premium 8.47 was the arithmetic-average spread between the S&P 500 returns and the short-term US T-bills between 1926-1987. This market premium is consistent with the current academic suggestions and it was used in all calculations of this exercise. The leveraged Beta (Bl) of the lodging division, needed for CAPM, was derived from the following equation: Bl=Bu(1+D/E), where Bu is the unleveraged Beta. Bu was in turn derived from the weighted-average of the Bu's of the lodging businesses given in the case. The weighted-average method rather than a simple arithmetic-average method was used to allow a more accurate Bu of the overall industry. Cost of Debt (Cd) is defined as (risk-free rate)+the premium (Tab...

How to Safeguard the Well-Being of Children and Young People Essay

1.Understand the main legislation guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people 1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people Polices and procedures for safeguarding and child protection in England and Wales are the result of the Children Act 1989 and in Northern Ireland of the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995. The Children Act 2004 introduced further changes to the way the child protection system is structured and organised in England and Wales. Safeguarding~ promoting children’s welfare and putting measures in place to improve children’s safety and prevent abuse. Child protection~ part of the safeguarding process where it is necessary to take action when there is a reasonable belief that a child is at risk of significant harm. Children Act 1989 (England and Wales) Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 These Acts aimed to simplify the laws that protected children and young people in the respective UK countries. They were seen as a serious shake up of children’s rights and protection and made it clear to all who worked with children what their duties were and how they should work together in the event of allegations of child abuse. England and Wales produced separates- Working Together to Safeguard Children (1999) – which emphasised the responsibilities of professionals towards children who are at risk of harm. Children Act 2004 By 2003 it was clear that services for children were still not working together and protect vulnerable children in our society. This was highlighted by the tragic death of Victoria Climbie at the hands of her carers resulting in an independent inquiry into her death. The Laming report resulted in a green paper, Every Child Matters, which in turn led to the Children Act 2004 in England and similar bills and Acts in all four countries in the UK. The main features of the Act included: ~ the integration of children’s services and the introduction of children’s directors with responsibility for local authority education and children’s social services. ~lead councillors for children’s services with political responsibility for local child welfare ~ the establishment of Local Safeguarding Children’s Boards with statutory powers to ensure that social services, the NHS, education services, the police and other services work together to protect vulnerable children ~a new Common Assessment Framework to assist agencies in identifying welfare needs ~revised arrangements for sharing information Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006 The 2006 revised version of this document provides an update on safeguarding and a national framework to help agencies work individually and together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. It also reflect changes to safeguarding practice in recent years, especially in the light of the Laming and Bichard Inquiries. The Vetting and Barring Scheme The scheme was introduced in October 2009 with the aim of preventing unsuitable people form working with children and vulnerable adults. From July 2010 and phased in over a five-year period, anyone working or volunteering with children of vulnerable adults will be required to register with the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA). The ISA will make decisions to prevent unsuitable people from working with children and vulnerable adults, using a range of information form different sources, including the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB). The CRB will process applications for ISA – registration and continuously monitor individual against and new information, while continuously monitor individuals against any new information, while continuing to provide record and other information to help them make informed recruitment decisions. 1.2 Explain child protection within the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people Safeguarding is about much more than just protecting children form direct abuse. The Staying Safe action plan recognises a number of important aspects in the wider view of safeguarding including: ~ keeping children safe form accidents ~ crime and bullying ~ missing children ~ actively promoting their welfare in a healthy and safe environment 1.3 Analyse how national and local guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding affect day-to-day work with children and young people It is very important that anyone working with children should be able to recognise if a child is at risk of harm of in need because of their vulnerability. The earlier this is recognised, the better outcome for the child involved. All the guidelines are intended to make sure that all the services and agencies involved with children and young people work together to improve safeguarding. Childcare practice Any childcare setting should have clear policies and procedures that cover all aspects of safeguarding. This should include policies and procedures for: ~ health and safety ~ child protection ~ contact with children and performing personal care ~ outings ~ visitors to the setting Risk assessment Risk assessments should be carried out to make sure that there are no safeguarding treats to the children in a setting. Ensuring the voice of the child or young person is heard The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 13) states that all children should have the opportunity to have their voice heard. Article 13 ~ The child shall have the right to freedom of expression, this right shall include to see, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child’s choice ‘. 1.4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case review are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice Society has a duty to protect children and young people: we have a network of professional organisations supported by legislation, polices and procedures to do this. Serious case reviews are called by the Local Safeguarding Children’s Board when a child dies and abuse or neglect are known or suspected to be a factor in the death. They involve the local authority children’s service and the police, as well as health, education and other agencies as needed. The LSCB also commissions an overview report form an independent person, which analyses the findings of the individual management reports and makes recommendations. Local authorities are required to notify Ofsted of all incidents involving children that are grave enough that they may lead to a serious case review, including where a child has died or suffered significant harm as a result of abuse or neglect, or where concerns are raised about professional practice or have attracted national media attention. Lessons learned form serious case reviews usually include the importance of: ~ sharing information and communication ~ keeping an accurate time line of events ~clear planning roles ~overcoming the problems of hard-to-reach families ~ good assessment of the child’s situation ~early recognition of children in need of protection by mainstream services such as schools or health services ~partnership working with agencies that parents may be receiving services form – for example mental health services A Public inquiry : an official review of events or actions ordered by the government. The report that is produced makes recommendations for improving practice. Laming Inquiry Lord Laming produced a landmark report in 2003 following a public inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie. She died in February 2000 of malnutrition and hypothermia, having suffered horrific abuse at the hands of her great aunt and great aunt boyfriend. A lack of communication between social workers, nurses, doctors and police officers allowed her great-aunt and her lover to torture the little girl to death. Many professionals involved in the case admitted that their workloads were too big while pay and morale were low, and that they did not communicate with one another. The inquiry made a number of key recommendations for improvements to services that led to the Children Act 2004. Bichard Inquiry This inquiry resulted form the murders of two young girls in Suffolk by a school caretaker, who was known as a danger to children by one police authority. The information had not been identified when he had a SRB check of the Independent Safeguarding Authority 1.5 Explain how the processes used by own legislation that covers data protection, information handling and sharing The Data Protection Act 1998 covers personal information about individuals which is held by organisations. They have to keep information in a safe way that ensures other people do not get hold of it. Settings that work with children and young people have the same responsibilities: except that the information they hold is about young people and children who are vulnerable because of their age. The Data Protection Act places responsibilities on organisations holding personal information to: ~ use it only as needed ~keep it secure ~ make sure it’s accurate ~keep it up to date On behalf of children, adults and parents have the right under the Data Protection Act to have information corrected if it is wrong. They also have the right to claim compensation through the courts if an organisation breaches the Act and causes them damage and distress. The Data Protection Act and the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations also give people the right to stop personal information being used for any sort of direct marketing, such as unwanted junk mail, sales calls, or email and text massages. 2. Understand the importance of working in partnerships with other organisations to safeguard children and young people 2.1 Explain the importance of safeguarding children and young people Far too many children and young people suffer abuse or neglect at the hands of their parents or carers. ~ a significant number of children face repeated serious and multiple forms of abuse at the hands of parents or carers ~abuse is more common in families with drug or alcohol abuse problemsSome children are more at risk that other. Studies into the prevalence of maltreatment among children with disabilities have found that these abuse and neglect than non-disabled children. 2.2 Explain the importance of a child or young person centred approach A key feature of Every Child Matters is that each child is a unique individual who needs support form adults to achieve the best possible outcomes as they grow develop. The aim of Every Child Matters is to give all children the support they need to: ~ be healthy ~stay safeguarding ~enjoy and achieve ~achieve economic well-being All services aimed at children or young people based around individuals – planning to meet their needs, rather than for a whole group. It places children and families at the heart of policy on the basis that children and young people spend only one-fifth of their childhood at school. Because young people learn best with family support, the Children’s Plan covers all areas of children’s lives. 2.3 Explain what is mean by partnership working in the context of safeguarding Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children depends on effective partnership working between agencies and professionals. Each has a different role and area of expertise. The importance of partnership working runs through every aspect of safeguarding form government legislation to local working. The key elements of Every Child Matters: Change for Children are all focused on partnership working at all levels including: ~ the duty to cooperate to promote the well-being of children and young people ~the duty to make arrangements to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people ~the development of statutory Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCBs) ~the appointment of local directors of children’s services to coordinate local government services ~the National Service Framework for children, young people and Maternity Services bringing together all child-related health services ~The Five Outcomes Framework ~ The development of an integrated inspection framework including education, care and health inspections ~the appointment of a Children’s Commissioner ~the development of a Common Assessment Framework to ensure all agencies contribute to an assessment of a child’s needs ~workforce reform to help develop skills and ensure staffing levels Anyone who has contact with a child or young person and has concerns about their welfare has a responsibility to pass that concern to the most appropriate agency. ‘Working Together to Safeguard Children’ (DCSF 2006) clearly sets out how individuals and organisations should work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people. Local communityAgenciesHealth visitor Neighboursor groupsChild heath clinicinvolved in Friendsthe welfareGP Family of a child Hospital PoliceChild minder Social workerNursery or school Leisure groups such as footballAfter school club Swimming, cubs, brownies Key features of effective working ~ a lead person who is responsible for coordinating actions and who acts as the main point of contact for children where more than one practitioner is involved ~ effective sharing of relevant information between agencies and practitioner. 2.4 Describe the roles and responsibilities of the different organisations that may be involved when a child or young person has been abused or harmed When a child or young person has been abused or harmed the first line response will be at the point of the allegation or discovery. ~ Social services have statutory responsibilities to provide support to vulnerable children and families in need.( this may be after a death or when families are finding every day life difficult) ~ Health visitors have a responsibility for the health of babies and young children under five.( they provide support and guidance to the parents of young children and carry out assessments of a child’s development) ~ General Practitioners work in the community – usually form health centres – and are the gateway to other health services. GPs are often the first people to identify possible abuse when a child attends surgery. ~ Probation services support people convicted of some offences to be rehabilitated into the community. ( they have a key role in monitoring people convicted of offences against children and should ensure they do not pose a threat to local children) ~ Police are involved in the criminal proceedings that may result form safeguarding issues. ~ As all children and young people should be in education or training between the ages of 5 -18 years, schools and training organisations are key to identifying and supporting children when they are in need of help. All staff working with children and young people should be trained in safeguarding and child protection. ~ Child psychology services will often be needed to support children who have experienced abuse or harm. ~ The NSPCC is a voluntary organisation – a national charity working to eradicate child abuse. 3. Understand the importance of ensuring children and young people’s safety and protection in the work setting 3.1 Explain why is important to ensure children and young people are protected form harm within the work setting Duty to care is a legal obligation that you all have. Professionals working in registered early years settings are expected to maintain a set of standards that reflect the government’s aim of improving the quality of life for children through the 5 positive outcomes of Every child matters. Parents leave children in the care with an expectation that they can trust you and your colleagues to keep their children form harm. It is difficult for many parents to leave their children, they need to be fully confident that their children are in safe, supportive hands with people who will help their development. Failing to meet this is a gross breach of your professional values. | Any professional working with children or young people is responsible for the care and well being of those children. Making sure that a child is safe on or out of a care setting is of paramount importance. Not only does it make a child or young person feel safe in a learning environment but it also gives the child the security to develop and achieve from an early age. For children to be effectively protected, it is essential that everyone accepts the responsibility of their role and to also be protected in that role. E.g. when escorting a child to the toilet or a child needs to be undressed due to any accident, it is vital that another member of staff or child is present as to not allow any allegations of misconduct. Physical contact between child and adult is important for building caring and trustworthy relationships but only when handled in an acceptable and responsible manner. There may be times, especially with younger children, occasions where a distressed or upset child needs comfort and encouragement which may include physical comforting, in these cases employees should use their discretion and common sense in order for allegations not to follow. | | | | 3.2 Explain policies and procedures that are in place to protect children and young people and adults who work with them As well as having policies to ensure that only suitable people work in their setting, managers need to promote very clear practices and ways of working to protect both the children and adults work with. Everyone in a setting has a responsibility to work hard to promote the welfare of the children in their care. Working in an open and transparent way Open-plan rooms~ this ensures that no member of staff is totally alone and out of view with a child. Sharing plans and talking about different ways of working also helps to make sure that staff work in the most appropriate ways. Listening to children and young people Whenever possible avoid agreeing to keep something a secret. Always tell a child if you feel you need to share information- especially if you feel a safeguarding issue is involved. It is important that you record and report any concern you have about a child’s welfare; make sure you know who to go in your setting. Power and positions of trust If you are involved in the care of children or young people, you are working in a position of trust. You have authority over the children and parents have placed their trust in you to look after them; this brings responsibilities. People who with to occupy position of trust with children and young people and vulnerable adults have to have enhanced CRP checks. Propriety and behaviour Children and young people tend to respect and look up to people in position of trust. You must think carefully about your own behaviour and the example you set to children and young people in your care. Physical contact Young children need physical contact; in they have fallen over, a cuddle can help them to recover and get back to playing. However, too much physical contact can be easily misunderstood. Make sure you are familiar with what is acceptable. Taking a child to the toilet, changing a nappy or helping a child change out of soiled clothes are all normal everyday tasks; but never do any of these in a room with the door closed or out of sight of other member of staff. Remembering this protects not only the child but yourself as well. Photographs and video recordings Photographing or videoing activities in any setting are great ways to let parents see what their children have been doing. ~ photos and videos are not available to anyone other than parents and carers ~always make sure that parents have given permission for photos to be taken ~check your policy on parents taking photos or videos. 3.3 Evaluate ways in which concerns about poor practice can be reported whilst ensuring that whistle blowers and those whose practice or behaviour is being questioned are protected At some stage in with children you may be faced with the problem of what to do about someone whose practice is unacceptable.You must not ignore poor practice – no matter who it is being carried out by. ( It can be very difficult to report someone you work with – or even your manager) How to whistle blow: ~think about exactly what is worrying you and why ~approach your supervisor, manager or safeguarding named person ~tell someone about your concerns as soon as you feel you can ~put your concerns in writing, outlining the background and history, giving names, dates and places where you can ~,ale sure something happens Whistle blowing does take courage. ( there is the risk of being bullied or harassed as a result) But anyone who whistle blows has the right to protection from the person they have raised concerns about. If you suffer as a result of a whistle blowing incident the UK Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 offers legal protection. 3.4 Explain how practitioners can take steps to protect themselves within their everyday practice in the work setting and on off site visits A significant element of a practitioner’s role in protecting themselves would be to read policies and procedures that are put in place to safeguard them and children or young people in their care. In a care setting a professional can protect themselves by:~ Avoid being alone in a closed room with a child.~ Two members of staff must be present if a child needs to be undressed in the event of an accident.~ If a child is collected late by a parent/carer then two staff members must stay until the child is collected.~ Always be seen to working in an open and transparent way where there is either visual access or an open door, especially in one to one situations. ~ Avoid meetings with children or young people in an isolated or private area of a care setting.It would be unrealistic to recommend that a member of staff should touch children or young people only in emergencies as very few people would agree with that, especially when young children can become so distressed in certain situations and a cuddle or close contact is needed by the child. Physical contact, guides and support are necessary in a range of settings appropriate to the age of the child and the circumstances at that time. Settings should provide a clear guidance about when and how the physical contact should be used in order to protect both staff and children. Effective management of risk should become automatic as you become more experienced. For every activity you plan, you should think about the hazards, the likelihood of the hazard occurring and the control measures. Risk~ the outcome or likely impact of the hazard associated with the activity to be undertaken Hazard~ something that has the potential to cause harm Likelihood ~ the probability of any harm from the hazard actually happening Control measure~ any activity or measures put in place to control or minimise identified risks In the case of educational visits, professionals should always carry out a full risk assessment of that visit, under the Health and Safety at work regulations Act 1999 it requires employers to assess the risks of activities, introduce measures to control these risks and inform employees of these measures. Before a trip can be arranged employers must follow the necessary policies and procedures as follows: ~Age, competence, fitness and the standard behaviour of the children and young people.~ Any special educational or medical needs of the children.~ Adult to children ratio. ~ The competence and qualifications of the accompanying adults.~ Modes of transport and location of visit.~ Emergency procedures.~ Permission from parents.~ Relevant medical or dietary needs of children. | | 4. Understand how to respond to evidence or concerns that a child or young person has been abused or harmed | | 4.1 Describe the possible signs, symptoms, indicators and behaviours that may cause concern in the context of safeguarding It is important that you are aware of the indications of child abuse. Not every sing means a child is being abused. Sometimes the first signs that you observe are not physical but a change in behaviour. It is important that you record your concerns and monitor any unexplained changes in a child’s behaviour. Sometimes a child may be experiencing more than one type of abuse. Physical abuse Physical abuse is when a child is physically hurt or injured ( hitting, kicking, beating with objects, throwing and shaking are all physical abuse, and cause pain, cuts bruising, broken bones and sometimes even death) Sings and symptoms of physical abuse can include: ~ unexplained recurrent injuries of burns ~wearing heavy cloth to cover injuries, even in hot weather ~refusal to undressing ~ bald patches of hair ~ repeated running away form home ~ fear of medical examination ~aggression towards self and others ~fear of physical contact, shrinking back if approached or touched Many signs of physical abuse can be confused with genuine accidental injuries, but they are often not in the places or distributed as you would expect. Sometimes the explanation does not fit the injury, or you may see the outline of a belt buckle or cigarette burn. Suspicion should be aroused if the parents have not sought medical advice soon after the injury occurred. Emotional abuse Emotional abuse occurs when children are not given love, approval or acceptance. They may be constantly criticised, blamed, sworn and shouted at, told that other people are better than they are. Emotional abuse also involves withholding love and affection. It is often linked with neglect Signs and symptoms of emotional abuse can include: ~ delayed development ~sudden speech problems such as stammering ~low self-esteem ~fear of any new situations ~neurotic behaviour ~extremes of withdrawal or aggression Neglect Neglect, which can result in failure to thrive, is when parents or others looking after children do not provide them whit proper food, warmth, shelter, clothing, care and protection Signs and symptoms of neglect can include: ~constant hunger ~poor personal hygiene ~constant tiredness ~poor state of clothing ~unusual thinness or lack of normal body weight ~untreated medical problems ~ no social relationships ~ stealing food ~destructive tendencies Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is when a child is forced or persuaded into sexual acts or situations by others. Children may be encouraged to look at pornography, be harassed by sexual suggestions or comments, be touched sexually or forced to have sex. Signs and symptoms of neglect can include: ~sexual knowledge of behaviour that is inappropriate to the child’s age ~medical problems such as chronic itching, pain in the genitals, venereal die ~depression, self-mutilation, suicide attempts, running away, overdoses or anorexia ~personality changes (becoming insecure or clinging) ~regressing to younger behaviour patterns (thumb-sucking, cuddly toys) ~sudden loss of appetite or compulsive eating ~being isolated or withdrawn ~inability to concentrate ~lack of trust or fear of someone they know well, (wanting to be alone with babysitter, child minder) ~starting to wet or soil again, day or night ~becoming worried about clothing being removed ~drawing sexually explicit pictures ~trying to be ‘ultra-good or perfect, overreacting to criticism 4.2 Describe the actions to take if a child or young person alleges harm or abuse in line with policies and procedures of own setting All settings that have contact with children and young people must have clear policies and procedures to follow in all cases of abuse. Staff must have training in these and organisation for dealing with the situation. Disclosure of abuse by a child can occur at any time and it can be a shock to hear details. The way an allegation is received can be very important in the outcome to a child, even many years later. There have been many examples in the past of children not being believed at the time they declared their experience often resulting in serious problems later in life. Disclosure of abuse ~ when a child tells or implies to you that he or she has been abused 4.3 Explain the rights that children, young people and their carers have in situations where harm or abuse is suspected or alleged 44 | | Children and their parents or carers have important rights even in cases of suspected abuse. Most children feel loyal towards those who care for them even when they have been responsible for the abuse, and have difficulty saying anything against them. In situation where harm or abuse is suspected or alleged, it is important to remember the following guidelines. ~ children and young people should receive help so they can express themselves fully, understand what is happening and the decisions that have to be made. ~ a child or young person has a right not to be subjected to repeated medical examinations or questioning following any allegation of abuse, whether of a physical or sexual nature ~family members normally have the right to know what is being said about them and to contribute to important decisions about their lives and those of their children ~children should be kept fully informed of processes involving them, should be consulted sensitively and decisions about their future should take account of their views 5. Understand how to respond to evidence or concerns that a child or young person has been bullied Bullying and the fear of bullying are major worries for many children and young people. Explain different types of bullying and the potential effects on children and young people The victims of bullying are usually different in some way form the bully, the differences may be as simple as a different physical characteristic or being seen as a swot. Bullying can be specific. The basis for the bullying it can be one or more of the following forms: ~ physical (pushing, kicking hitting, pinching and other forms of violence or threats) ~verbal (name-calling, insults, sarcasm, spreading rumours, persistent teasing) ~ emotional ( including not speaking to and excluding someone, tormenting ridicule, humiliation) ~cyber-bullying ( the use of information and communications technology particularly mobile phones and the internet, deliberately to upset someone else) Bullying can be carried out by one person against another, or by groups of people ‘ ganging up’ on a person. Bullying is not always delivered as a personal face -to- face attack, but can also be delivered through technology. Threatened or attempted suicideDepression Running awayLow self esteem Potential effects of bullying Isolation Shyness Poor academic achievement There are many reasons and possibilities as to why people bully, most of the time it’s because the victim is different in some way. Below are some of the differences why someone might be bullied: Someone’s appearance (e.g. hair colour or style, height) Someone’s race Someone’s religion Someone’s nationality Someone’s sexual orientation Someone being jealous Both males and females are capable of carrying out a vicious attack such as bullying on others. Some bullies only do it to uphold their reputation and look â€Å"hard†. Another reason would be either sex of a bully trying to maintain their superficial superiority. Many bullies only bully others out of jealousy and many of the people who have been bullied go on to do great things with their life, like some famous people who have been bullied. 5.2 Outline the policies and procedures that should be followed in response to concerns or evidence of bullying and explain the reasons why they are in place All schools are required by low to have anti-bulling policies in place but these vary in how they are worded and the subsequent actions that need to be taken. Schools must also have policies to encourage good behaviour and respect for others on the part for others on the part of pupils. The Department for Education is clear that no form of bullying should be tolerated. Bullying should be taken very seriously; it is not a normal part of growing up and it can ruin lives. The current anti-bulling guidance for schools: Safe to learn: embedding anti-bulling work in schools was launched in September 2007 5.3 Explain how to support a child or young person and /or their family when bullying is suspected or alleged When dealing with someone who is being bullied it is important to remember that they will be very upset although they may not show it on the outside. If they have plucked up the courage to talk to you then they need to know you will take the problem seriously. In the case of an older child, it is a good idea to ask them to write down exactly what happened and who was there so that you can speak to other people. The more information you have, the better you will be able to deal with the problem and the faster you can sort out exactly what happened. Reassure the victim that you will be back in touch with them as soon as you have completed your investigation and that if there are any more problems in the meantime they must let you know immediately. Supporting the family Parents can find it very hard to know how to help their child if they are being bullied. Some parents will have to cope with the news that it is their child who is a bully. You need to know to support parents in both these cases. Listen to parents; let them explain how they are feeling. Direct them to useful information so that they can start to think how to support their child. 6. Understand how to work with children and young people to support their safety and well-being 6.1 Explain how to support children and young people’s self-confidence and self-esteem Children and young people who are: ~assertive ~self-confident ~self-aware ~and have high self-esteem are less likely to be vulnerable to abuse. A child who has high self-esteem will do better in many aspects of development. Self esteem can be supported by: ~giving lots of praise and encouragement ~encouraging independence and choice, with many opportunities to try things out ~teaching children how to be assertive ( which means having their own needs met but still respecting those of others) ~encouraging cooperation, respect and tolerance between children, and giving a positive example yourself 6.2 Analyse the importance of supporting resilience in children and young people Resilience is the ability to deal with the ups and down of life and is based on self-esteem. The more resilience a child is the better they will deal with life as they grow and develop into adulthood. Many factors can positively affect a child’s resilience: ~secure early attachment ~confidence of being loved by family and friends ~good sense of self-identity ~ability to act independently ~confidence to try new things 6.3 Explain why it is important to work with the child or young person to ensure they have strategies to protect themselves and make decisions about safety The important thing for all children to remember is that they should never feel uncomfortable about someone the are with or something being done to them. Children and young people need support to be able to keep themselves safe. It is important to be available to talk with children about any concerns they may have. If they are upset by a reported case of abuse, be as reassuring as possible. Stress that almost all children lead safe and happy lives and only a very few adults want to hurt children in any way. Using correct anatomical language, at a level appropriate to the child, is important when you are talking about bodies. Simple, age-appropriate sessions, linked to other activities, on how the human body works help children to understand what their bodies can do and raise awareness of what is normal and what is not. Sessions on ‘body maintenance’ should be an integral part of children’s education,not just to warn them of the danger of misuse. The Keep safe Code produced by Kids cape is an effective way of getting across the message about personal safety to young children. Older children need more detailed information such as: ~ lessons on normal sexual function, related to adult behaviour ( relevant to your setting’s policy ~information about misuse of their bodies, through smoking, alcohol and illegal drugs ~the risks of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, herpes, gonorrhoea,..) Help from other organisations Organisations such as Kidscape, Childeline and the NSPCC can help eith information and guidance on these topics. It is important to use them properly and be sure that information is accurate and used to best effect. 6.4 Explain ways of empowering children and young people to make positive and informed choices that support their well being and safety. Children and young people need to be empowered to keep themselves safe. Children will always push boundaries and take risks – that is how we all learn. Your role is to manage those risks without taking away their independence. When they are empowered, and can make their own choices, the are able to do things alone and without supervision. 7. Understand the importance of e-safety for children and young people 7.1 Explain the risks and possible consequences for children and young people of being online and of using a mobile phone This is an admirable ambition, with huge benefits for everyone – especially in relation to research and learning. But it is also fraught with danger as the Internet and mobile network also offer possibilities tor the abuse of children and young people. Most children and young people have access to the Internet and the use of a mobile phone. Both offer benefits to children but equally can expose them to threats to their safety and well-being. The Internet, mobile phones and video games pose a number of risks to children and young people – including cyber – bullying, access to unsuitable sites, exposure to commercial sites and danger form adults seeking to exploit children. 7.2 Describe ways of reducing risk to children and young people from: ~ social networking ~ internet use ~ buying online ~ using a mobile phone Short of banning all access to the Internet and mobile phones it is not possible to eliminate the risks to children and young people. But is is possible to build children’s resilience to the material to which they may be exposed, so that they have the confidence and skills to use the Internet more safely. The Byron Review identified three key objectives to protect children: ~reduce availability ~restrict access ~increase resilience to harmful and inappropriate material online. There are number of measures available that start to meet some of these objectives including: ~ parental controls that allow Internet sites with unsuitable material to be limited ~blocks on use ~improving the knowledge, skills and understanding around e-safety of children, parents and other responsible adults Ways in which you can help to improve children’s knowledge and skills include: ~ making them aware of the dangers ~helping them to develop the skills to recognise danger ~supporting them in dealing with situations they are not happy with.Combined with a sensible approach, such as making sure that children do not spend time on the computer unsupervised or for too long a period of time – these tools can make using the Internet a useful and enjoyable experience. Education of parents and carers are less skilled at using the Internet than their children are and may not be aware of the dangers of how to control access to certain material.

Italian Quotation Marks (Fra Virgolette) Types and Uses

Italian Quotation Marks (Fra Virgolette) Types and Uses Italian quotation marks (le virgolette) are sometimes treated as an afterthought in the classroom and in textbooks, but to English-speaking natives reading Italian newspapers, magazines, or books, its obvious there are differences in both the symbols themselves and how they’re used. In Italian, quotation marks are used to give a word or phrase a particular emphasis, and they’re also used to indicate citations and direct discourse (discorso diretto). In addition, quotation marks are used in Italian to point out jargon and dialect as well as to denote technical and foreign phrases. Types of Italian Quotation Marks Caporali ( «  »): These arrow-like punctuation marks are the traditional Italian quotation mark glyphs (in fact, theyre also used in other languages, including Albanian, French, Greek, Norwegian, , and Vietnamese). Typographically speaking, the line segments are referred to as guillemets, a diminutive of the French name Guillaume (whose equivalent in English is William), after the French printer and punchcutter Guillaume le Bà © (1525–1598).  «  » are the standard, primary form for marking up quotations, and in older textbooks, manuscripts, newspapers, and other printed material, are usually the only type encountered. The use of caporali ( «  ») begin to diminish with the advent of desktop publishing in the 80s, since a number of font sets did not make those characters available. The newspaper Corriere della Sera (to point out just one example), as a matter of typographical style, continues to use caporali, both in the printed version and online. For instance, in an article about the high-speed train service between Milano and Bologna, there is this statement, using angled quotation marks, from the president of the Lombardia region:  «Le cose non hanno funzionato come dovevano ». Doppi apici (or alte doppie) ( ): Nowadays these symbols frequently replace the traditional Italian quotation marks. For example, the newspaper La Repubblica, in an article regarding the possible merger of Alitalia with Air France-KLM, featured this direct quote: Non abbiamo presentato alcuna offerta ma non siamo fuori dalla competizione. Singoli apici (or alte semplici) ( ): In Italian, single quotation marks are typically used for a quotation enclosed inside another quotation (so-called nested quotations). Theyre also used to indicate words used ironically or with some reservation. An example from an Italian-English translation discussion board: Giuseppe ha scritto:  «Il termine inglese free ha un doppio significato e corrisponde sia allitaliano libero che gratuito. Questo puà ² generare ambiguit ». Typing Italian Quotation Marks To type  « and  » on computers: For Windows users, type  « by holding Alt 0171 and  » by holding Alt 0187. For Macintosh users, type  « as Option-Backslash and  » as Option-Shift-Backslash. (This applies to all English-language keyboard layouts supplied with the operating system, e.g. Australian, British, Canadian, U.S., and U.S. Extended. Other language layouts may differ. The backslash is this key: \) As a shortcut, caporali can easily be replicated with the double inequality characters or (but which typographically speaking, though, are not the same). Usage of Italian Quotation Marks Unlike in English, punctuation such as commas and periods are placed outside the quote marks when writing in Italian. For example:  «Leggo questa rivista da molto tempo ». This style holds true even when doppi apici are used instead of caporali: Leggo questa rivista da molto tempo. The same sentence in English, though, is written: Ive been reading this magazine for a long time. Given that certain publications use caporali, and others use doppi apici, how does one decide which Italian quotation marks to use, and when? Provided that the general usage rules are adhered to (using double quotation marks to signal direct discourse or point out jargon, for example, and single quotation marks in nested quotations), the only guidelines are to adhere to a consistent style throughout a text. Personal preference, corporate style, (or even character support) may dictate whether  «  » or are used, but there is no difference, grammatically speaking. Just remember to quote accurately!

The Evolution of Greek Tragedy

The Evolution of Greek Tragedy Today, a trip to the theater is still a special event, but in Ancient  Athens, it wasnt just a time for cultural enrichment or entertainment. It was a religious, competitive, and civic festival event, part of the annual City (or Greater) Dionysia: We might want to imagine the atmosphere of the ancient drama festivals as a combination of Mardi Gras, the gathering of the faithful in St Peters Square on Easter Day, the crowds that throng the Mall on the Fourth of July, and the hype of Oscars night.- Ian C. Storey When Cleisthenes reformed Athens to make it more democratic, it is thought that he included competition between the groups of citizens in the form of dramatic, performing dithyrambic choruses. Be that as it may, Tragedy- as also Comedy- was at first mere improvisation. The one originated with the authors of the  Dithyramb, the other with those of the phallic songs, which are still in use in many of our cities. Tragedy advanced by slow degrees; each new element that showed itself was in turn developed. Having passed through many changes, it found its natural form, and there it stopped.- Aristotle Poetics Taxes,  A Civic Obligation Well in advance of the Elaphebolion (an Athenian month that ran from late March to early April) event, the city magistrate selected 3 patrons of the arts (choregoi) to finance the performances. It was an onerous form of taxation (liturgy) the wealthy were required to perform- but not every year. And the wealthy had a choice: they could supply Athens with a performance or a battleship. This  obligation included: Housing and feeding the chorus and actors.Selecting chorus members (young men about to enter the military).Hiring a chorus director (didaskalos) who trained the 12-15 non-professional dancers (choreuts), for a year, to perform, sing, and dance in the chorus.Providing a place to train.Paying for a dedication to Dionysus if he won. Professionals and Amateur Actors While the chorus was composed of (well-trained) non-professionals, the playwright and actors had, as Didaskalia puts it, leisure with a passion for the theater. Some of the actors became such polished celebrities their participation would give an unfair advantage, so the lead actor, protagonist, was assigned by lot to a playwright who was expected to compose a tetralogy, direct, choreograph, and act in his own plays. A tetralogy consisted of three tragedies and a satyr play- like a dessert at the end of the heavy, serious drama. Partly humorous or farcical, satyr-plays featured the half human, half animal creatures known as satyrs. Visual Aids for the Audience By convention, the actors in tragedy appeared larger than life. Since there were about 17,000 open-air seats in the theater of Dionysus (on the south slope of the Acropolis), going more than halfway around the circular dance floor (orchestra), this exaggeration must have made the actors more recognizable. They wore long, colorful robes, high headdresses, cothurnoi (shoes), and masks with largemouth holes to facilitate ease of speech. Men played all the parts. One actor might play more than one role, since there were only 3 actors, even by Euripides (c. 484-407/406) day. A century earlier, in the 6th century, when the first dramatic competition was held, there was only one  actor whose role was to interact with the chorus. The semi-legendary playwright of the first play with an actor was Thespis (from whose name comes the word thespian). Stage Effects In addition to the actors accouterments, there were elaborate devices for special effects. For instance, cranes could whisk gods or people on and off stage. These cranes were called mechane or machina in Latin; hence, our term deus ex machina. The skene (from which, scene) a building or tent at the back of the stage that was used from the time of Aeschylus (c. 525-456), could be painted to provide scenery. The skene was at the edge of the circular orchestra (dance floor of the chorus). The skene also provided a flat roof for action, a backstage for the actors preparation, and a door. The ekkyklema was a contraption for rolling scenes or people onto the stage. Dionysia and the Theater At the City Dionysia, the tragedians each presented a tetralogy- four plays, consisting of three tragedies and a satyr play. The theater was in the temenos (sacred precinct) of Dionysus Eleuthereus. The priest was seated in the center of the first row of the theatron. It may be that there were originally 10 wedges (kekrides) of seats to correspond with the 10 tribes of Attica, but the number was 13 by the 4th century B.C. Tragedy Terms Tragic Irony  happens when the audience knows what is going to happen but the actor is still ignorant. Hamartia:  The downfall of the tragic hero is caused by hamartia. This isnt a willful act in violation of the laws of the gods, but a mistake or excess.Hubris:  Excessive pride can lead to the downfall of the tragic hero.Peripeteia:  A  sudden reversal of fortune.Catharsis:  Ritual cleansing and emotional cleansing by the end of the tragedy. Sources Roger Dunkles Introduction to Tragedy The Entrances and Exits of Actors and Chorus in Greek Plays, by Margarete Bieber.  American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 58, No. 4. (Oct. , 1954), pp. 277-284.

Grammatical Function Definition and Examples

Grammatical Function Definition and Examples Grammatical function is the  syntactic role played by a word or phrase in the context of a particular clause or sentence. Sometimes called simply function. In English, grammatical function is primarily determined by a words position in a sentence, not by inflection (or word endings). Examples and Observations The five elements of clause structure, namely subject, verb, object, complement, and adverbial, are grammatical functions. In addition, we distinguish predicator as the function carried by the main verb in a clause, and predicate as the function assigned to the portion of a clause excluding the subject.​Within phrases, certain types of units can function as modifiers, more specifically as premodifiers or postmodifiers.There is no one-to-one correspondence between functions and their possible formal realizations. Thus the functions of subject and direct object are often realized by a noun phrase, but can also be realized by a clause. (Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, and Edmund Weiner, The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014.) Linguistic Context and Grammatical Function The production and interpretation of an utterance act is anchored to the constitutive parts of language: syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. While syntax is composed of structural units, for instance, constituents in traditional grammar, phrases in functional grammar and generative grammar, groups in systemic functional grammar or constructions in construction grammar, it is the linear ordering of the individual parts within a hierarchically structured sequence which constitutes their grammatical function. The adverb really, for instance, realizes the grammatical function of a sentence adverbial with wide scope if positioned initially or finally, as is the case in the utterance really, Sarah is sweet. If the adverb really is positioned medially, it is assigned the grammatical function of the adverbial of subjunct with narrow scope, as in Sarah is really sweet. Or, the proper noun Mary can realize the grammatical function of object in Sally kissed Mary, and it ca n realize the grammatical function of subject in Mary kissed Sally. Thus, it is not the grammatical construction as such which is assigned a grammatical function. Rather, it is the positioning of a grammatical construction within a hierarchically structured sequence which assigns it a grammatical function. (Anita Fetzer, Contexts in Interaction: Relating Pragmatic Wastebaskets. What Is a Context?: Linguistic Approaches and Challenges, ed. by Rita Finkbeiner, Jà ¶rg Meibauer, and Petra B. Schumacher. John Benjamins, 2012.) The Grammatical Functions of Subjects The most complex grammatical function is that of subject. Consider the example in (1).(1) The tigers hunt prey at night.Tigers precedes the verb. It agrees with the verb in number, as becomes clear when it is made singular: The tiger hunts its prey at night. In the active construction, it is never marked by any preposition. The corresponding full passive clause ... is Prey is hunted by the tigers at night; in the passive clause, the subject of (1), the tigers, turns up inside the prepositional phrase by the tigers.The above criteria- agreement in number with the verb, never being preceded by a preposition, occurring in the by phrase in the passive- are grammatical, and the noun they pick out in a given clause is the grammatical subject of that clause. (Jim Miller, An Introduction to English Syntax. Edinburgh University Press, 2002.) The Grammatical Functions of Direct Objects and Indirect Objects In traditional grammatical descriptions, the grammatical function borne by her in the English example in (41) has sometimes been called the indirect object, and the book has been called the direct object:(41) He gave her a book.The phrase the book is also traditionally assumed to be the direct object in examples like (42):(42) He gave a book to her.The classification of the book as a direct object in both (41) and (42) may have a semantic rather than a syntactic basis: there may be a tendency to assume that the book must bear the same grammatical function in each instance because its semantic role does not change. ... [T]he LFG [lexical-functional grammar] view differs: in example (41), the phrase her bears the OBJ [object] function, while in example (42), the phrase a book is the OBJ.Within the transformational tradition, evidence for the LFG classification for English came from certain formulations of the rule of passivization, which applies uniformly to transform an object into a subject. (Mary Dalrymple, Lexical Functional Grammar. Emerald Group, 2001.)

The ways of promotion 5 specific franchised hotels (Hilton, SolMelia, Literature review

The ways of promotion 5 specific franchised hotels (Hilton, SolMelia, Marriott, Mandarin Oriental, Jumeirah) through technology - Literature review Example To achieve this goal, the company espouses saving scarce water resources for future needs. The company also lessens current energy use to allowable levels. The company espouses the use of reusable energy. The company implements activities that will serve as guides for future environmental protection programs (Pride, 2012, p. 33). Further, Hilton Hotel’s Senior Vice President Mike Ashton emphasized the company’s social marketing strategies include offering its hotel guests perks. The perks include access to seamless internet, mini bars, movies, fax machines, and other communication amenities. The Hilton Hotel amenities will outshine the privileges of its competitors in the global hotel market place, including Marriot group of hotels, Sheraton hotel group, and Intercontinental hotel group. Hilton’s Ashton reiterates that the current marketing strategy builds unwavering customer confidence in the Hilton brand, generating the customer’s emotion –based p rerogative (Tungate, 2008, p. 148). Further, Marriott Hotels group’s Chairman Bill Marriott writes posts onto the company’s social networking blog sites. The posts are arranged according to blog publication date. In addition to the date arrangement, the blog posts are also arranged according to blog topics. Mr. Marriott’s posts pertain to several customer topics. The topics include food, travel, sports, politics, movies, and books. Mr. Marriott’s blog sites are classified by the blog site visitors as reliable and up to date. However, people classify the neutral social networking sites as more reliable compared to Mr. Marriott’s self-serving website blogs (Rosen, 2011). Another news item states that Hilton uses advertising to increase hotel reservations (Anonymous, Hilton Garden Inn "Speaks Success" With New Adverstising Campaign, 2011). The Hilton group of hotels uses the popularity of mobile phone texting and other social networking environments t o transform the current Hilton group of hotels marketing campaign a two notches higher. The Hilton group of hotels communicates with its current and future customers by using acronyms. The acronyms are used to explain the many benefits of having one’s sound sleep within one of the cozy rooms of the Hilton group of hotels. The hotel uses the social networking sites to reach out and move the undecided tourists to make a reservation in any of the Hilton group of hotels’ global locations. The company’s 2011 marketing strategy focuses on two things. First, the company will understand the current and future customers’ languages. Next, the company will includes speaking the current and future customers’ language in communicating the company’s many benefits to the attentive future customers. Hilton group of hotels’ Vice President Judy Christa Cathey, in charge of global marketing, reshapes the current company policy to speaking the customersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ language. This means that the company’s officers and employees will do their best to put themselves in the current and future customers’ shoes. The line and staff employees of Hilton group of hotels will think as the prospective customers think. This way, the company’s line and staff employees will be able to think ahead of the customers. The company’s officers will not have to wait until the customers’ will explain what is in their demanding mind. The company will offer amenities that will meet the customers’ current and future needs. The policy will increase hotel re

The history of apple inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The history of apple inc - Research Paper Example For many of the business pundits, the history of Apple Company remains a mystery. Many people believe that the growth of Apple Company is indebted to the abilities of its charismatic leader Steve Jobs. Apple Inc started their business with the introduction of Apple branded computers and soon they diversified into many other areas. They have developed an operating system Macintosh for the use with Apple computers and currently apart from personal computers, Apple sells portable media players, mobile phones, computer software, computer hardware and hardware accessories. Apple’s growth was gradual and they never tried to introduce too many things in too little time. They studied the market well before introducing a new product and even after the introduction of a product, Apple was able to make necessary corrections I their products based on the customer feedbacks. This paper briefly analyses the history of the company, Apple Inc. Apple was founded in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne (and later incorporated January 3, 1977 without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak) to sell the Apple I personal computer kit. They were hand-built by Steve Wozniak in the living room of Jobs parents home, and the Apple I was first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66 (Apple Inc. History, 2008) When Apple introduced its first computer in the market, it was entirely different from what we call a personal computer now. The users forced to use many other types of equipment to make the Apple computer work perfectly. The Apple team introduced around 200 computers initially into the market. The incorporation process of the Apple Company was made in 1977. Till 2007, Apple Computer Inc was the official name of the company. But because of the huge expansion and

Job opportunities in the deaf community Research Paper

Job opportunities in the deaf community - Research Paper Example This paper delves into job opportunities in the deaf community. The deaf community has its own employment or job resources and opportunities to help the deaf as well as hearing people who are seeking employment opportunities that are related to deafness. It is worth noting that employment opportunities in the deaf community are near similar to other communities. This is because this community requires almost similar types of goods and services (Padden and Tom 33). The first type of job in the deaf community is teaching jobs that are essential in facilitating education in the community. The second one is that of interpreters who help in aiding communication between hearing people and deaf people. The other type of job opportunity in deaf community is captioning – captioning jobs have gained prominence in the deaf community especially because laws of many countries have called for captioning in the broadcasting (Andrews, Leigh and Tammy 106). Captioning entails displaying text or non-speech elements on visual display such as video or television to provide interpretive or additional information to deaf people. There is also the job of speech language pathologists and audiologists who are essential in providing healthcare services to the deaf. They diagnose, monitor, and treat disorders of the vestibular and auditory system (Padden and Tom 71). Psychologists also have opportunity to work in this community. For instance, counseling and clinical psychologists can provide psychological services for deaf people of all ages in mental health clinics and hospitals such as, assessment, therapy and counseling. Social workers are also required in the deaf community and this is because they provide a broad range of services to the deaf individuals. The knowledge and skills developed by the social workers prepare the deaf for career opportunities in addition to empowering them to know their rights (Berke

Has no topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Has no topic - Essay Example ntrastingly, people who depend on employment have no choice but to work as the job regulations demand and since they do not have other alternatives to earn a living. People having immense wealth can get easy access to the lawmakers through their efforts of campaigning and thus protecting their assets. Alexis argues that America has been an egalitarian society. Egalitarian society is one that takes into consideration little power, status, wealth and prestige differences among individuals. According to Alexis (Brueggemann, 2010), there has not been prevention of individuals amassing resources to extreme extents thus ensuring fair resource distribution. In contrast to this view, Gabriel Kolko argues that, despite year-to-year fluctuations since 1910, there has been unequal income distribution. Gabriel asserts that America has a characteristic concentration of wealth that is wealth is on the hands of only a few individuals in the society. The top 1% of the American rich own 33 percent of wealth in the United States. There are also another top 10% of the people possessing 69 percent of the assets. This means that the remaining 90% majority of the people only own about 31% of the assets. From Table 7.2, we note that 27 percent of the wealth falls to the percentiles 50 to 90% and the bottom about half of the total population possess only around 3 percent of the assets. Thus, it is evident from Table 7.2 that there is a large margin of inequality since the bottom 90 percent of the population is far poor compared to 1% of the population. Figure 7.1 gives the trend of wealth owned by the richest 1% of the population right from 1774 to the year 2005. It shows the share to have hit the highest percentage in 1830s reaching 44 percent. The period between 1774 and 1860 saw wealth concentration rising with 1820s and the late 1840s experiencing steep increases (Brueggemann, 2010). This trend conforms to Kuznets hypothesis. Figure 7.2 shows the top bracket (groupings for taxation

The homework Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The homework Debate - Essay Example The article surveys the negative and positive aspects of homework. Sharryn Brownlee quotes that a punitive or tedious approach to homework limits the appropriateness of homework. The paramount reason not to subject those children to homework is that they require sufficient time to relax and take their thoughts of the classroom environment (Lindner, 2005, pp.67-76). The burden of having to complete homework every single night is quite overwhelming for most children. Consequently, they need adequate time to refresh their minds and bodies. In addition, homework tends to condense the available amount of time that children could be spending with their relatives. Kathy Walker, an early childhood expert, maintains that the superlative assignment in early years of school is having family time (Walker, 2007, pp.97-106). Walker further argues that playing together, enjoying books and talking together is better than piled up homework. Walker suggests that Family time is explicitly imperative to a growing child (Walker, 2007 pp.102-107). Absence or limited interaction with one’s family may lead to social problems that may eventually crop up. As a result, inadequate family time spending compromises the family unity. Thirdly, homework can source conflict and misunderstandings between students, teachers and parents. According to Kidwell 2004, disagreements may arise when students fail to do their homework and hence to bring about strains in families (pp.126- 134). Alfie Kohn upholds that homework is total agony and no gain (Kohn, 2007 pp.123-129). In his manuscript The Homework Myth, Kohn contends that no study has invariably found an association between homework and academic accomplishment in school. Kohn asserts that there is a minute reason to believe that homework is essential in high school. Kohn maintains that homework may reduce interest in learning. According to Jongsma 2011, a lot of homework can inspire cheating because children end up copying one another

Has no topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Has no topic - Essay Example ntrastingly, people who depend on employment have no choice but to work as the job regulations demand and since they do not have other alternatives to earn a living. People having immense wealth can get easy access to the lawmakers through their efforts of campaigning and thus protecting their assets. Alexis argues that America has been an egalitarian society. Egalitarian society is one that takes into consideration little power, status, wealth and prestige differences among individuals. According to Alexis (Brueggemann, 2010), there has not been prevention of individuals amassing resources to extreme extents thus ensuring fair resource distribution. In contrast to this view, Gabriel Kolko argues that, despite year-to-year fluctuations since 1910, there has been unequal income distribution. Gabriel asserts that America has a characteristic concentration of wealth that is wealth is on the hands of only a few individuals in the society. The top 1% of the American rich own 33 percent of wealth in the United States. There are also another top 10% of the people possessing 69 percent of the assets. This means that the remaining 90% majority of the people only own about 31% of the assets. From Table 7.2, we note that 27 percent of the wealth falls to the percentiles 50 to 90% and the bottom about half of the total population possess only around 3 percent of the assets. Thus, it is evident from Table 7.2 that there is a large margin of inequality since the bottom 90 percent of the population is far poor compared to 1% of the population. Figure 7.1 gives the trend of wealth owned by the richest 1% of the population right from 1774 to the year 2005. It shows the share to have hit the highest percentage in 1830s reaching 44 percent. The period between 1774 and 1860 saw wealth concentration rising with 1820s and the late 1840s experiencing steep increases (Brueggemann, 2010). This trend conforms to Kuznets hypothesis. Figure 7.2 shows the top bracket (groupings for taxation

The Role of Women in Developing Countries Essay

The Role of Women in Developing Countries - Essay Example (Levy, 1988). The sociological concept of functionalism enables one to understand the importance of one's role in society. Functionalism is the perspective concerned with actions among individuals, the constraints imposed by social institutions on individuals, and links between the needs of an individual and the satisfaction of those needs through cultural and social frameworks. (Alan Barnard, 2000). It draws from the contribution of Emile Durkheim. Durkheim explained that a society functions smoothly similar to that of a healthy organism which is made of many parts put together in larger systems. These systems correspond to its own special purpose of function in consonance with the others. Durkheim stated that societies have structures similar to an organism. Social institutions just like the parts of the body also function together within larger systems. The social systems cover relations of kinship, belief, politics, and economics which are woven together as the society in the same manner that the various biological systems together form the organism. In this paper, the sociological concept of functionalism will be applied to the role of women in developing countries such as Singapore, Malaysia and Korea. Singapore is known as a patriarchal state. Malaysia is an Islamic state. Korea also adheres to the importance of a woman's work in the home. The status of women in Sing... The PAP enacted a Women's Charter whose main aim was to 'enable women to have their rights safeguarded by legislation' (Singapore Legislative Assembly Debate 6 April 1960, p. 443). The Women's Charter outlawed polygamy. The Charter also emphasizes and maintains the roles, responsibilities, duties, and rights of women within the family. Finally, the Charter protects the traditional roles of women as wives and mothers. The People's Action Party government described itself as a patriarchal state where nation and family are pre-eminent concerns. (Goh Chok Tong, 1991) The values emphasized in the White Paper are 'nation before community and society above self and 'family as a basic unit of society' (Chok Tong 1991, p. 10). This state-supported patriarchy meant re-locating women back into the home through specific rules that make her primordially responsible for child- rearing and other household duties. The modern Malaysian woman is well-educated, perceptive, independent, articulate, but also faithful to family, religion and a vision of Islamic modernity. However, challenges still remain. Malaysian women still experience serious disadvantages such as discriminatory labor laws, poor working conditions in the workplace, a neglect of rural women, problems of family workers, stresses produced by juggling the demands of daily life and the focus on the woman's reproductive role. (World Bank 1999). The Malaysian women are extensively involved in domestic, technical and other white-collar work. Malaysian female rural workers contribute to family labor. The young rural women who migrated to the city from rural villages had full employment.

Gender, income and wealth Essay Example for Free

Gender, income and wealth Essay Gender is a term that has been used many times to describe the different social roles that men and women play in the society. It is also used to explain the biological difference between a man and a woman. However, gender violence, whether on men or on women varies with different communities. Even up to date, there are some societies that still emphasize on the roles and tasks that only men or women can do. Scientific studies on the social life of humans have shown that we are the ones who create inequality amongst ourselves by defining the roles that we should take and leaving those that we dont want to others. Gender difference is however important because it gives the rights and privileges to both women and men. But if viewed from a negative perspective, gender inequality can be defied as a world wide problem. Gender is one of the many determinants of what income a person should be given. In some countries, it is easy for men to get well paying jobs over women. This is especially the case in the developing countries; where the level of education does not really matter when it comes to job hunting. The situation gets even worse where the big jobs can only be given to the men because it is believed that they are better at decision making than women. Statistics have proved that 46 percent of all labor consists of women. However, women represent 75 percent of all the laborers with the lowest income or wages, and only 13 percent represent women of the best paid laborers. The gender factor is also seen to take effect at many homes, where many people believe that a husband should be earning more than the wife. Many husbands feel inferior, especially when they are unable to provide for their families and the wives take on the role of the provider. They believe that they should be the heads of the family and should be in charge of the major activities, including making important decisions. The fact that wives should be submissive to their husbands should not be mistaken as a reason to be discriminated. In general we can say that the world is facing major challenges because of gender inequality. (Karuna Jaggar, 2007) It is not so easy to measure the relation of gender to wealth. This is because most of the wealth is common within members of the same house hold, which consists of both a man and a woman. However, it is a fact that men are likely to own more assets than women. Women dont normally own such investments as bonds, stocks or other financial assets as much as men do. Furthermore, most men have retirement accounts, while most women do not have such accounts, and in addition to that, the pensions of women in most cases are less than those of the men. The gender factor also shows that non married households are not as wealthy as the married households. Also, divorced women contribute more to the labor market as compared to the married women. Married women will feel financially secure because of their husbands, but after they are divorced, their economic condition is affected a lot. The same case applies to widowed women. However, divorce does not have a big effect on the men as it has on the women, because they are always working so their wealth is not affected so much. Women who have never been married own the least wealth of all the house holds. They are said to own only a quarter of the wealth that the non married men own. From the late 1980s, the women initiatives have been helping the women to improve their financial security by advising them to start up small micro enterprises. The reason behind the start of the businesses is because they have very low start up costs, and are hence affordable to the women. Micro enterprises are competent, marketable, and require simple management by the owners. These businesses help women with low wealth and poor incomes to improve their financial status. (Karuna Jaggar, 2007) In general, we can say that gender inequality is a factor that is pulling the efforts to civilization behind and needs to be addressed. References 1) Chang, Mariko, 2007, His and Hers: Explaining the Gender Wealth Gap, retrieved on 1/30/2009 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p109260_index.html 2) Edlund Lena, Kopczuk Wojciech, 2007, Women, wealth and mobility: National bureau of economic research, New York, Cambridge press 3) Karuna Jaggar, 2007, The Race and Gender Wealth Gap, retrieved on 1/30/2009 from http://urbanhabitat.org/node/2815

Nestle Organizational Structure

Nestle Organizational Structure INTRODUCTION Nestle is a Swiss multinational nutritional and health-related consumer goods company headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world. Nestles products include baby food, coffee, confectionery, bottled water, breakfast cereals, dairy products, ice cream, pet foods and snacks. 29 of Nestles brands have annual sales of over 1 billion CHF (about US$ 1.1 billion), including, Nescafe, Kit Kat, Nespresso, Smarties, Nesquik, Stouffers, Vittel, and Maggi. Nestle has around 450 factories in 86 countries, and employs around 328,000 people all around the world. It is one of the main stockholders of LOreal, the worlds largest cosmetics company. Nestle was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page. The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, increasing its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions, including Crosse Blackwell in 1950, Findus in 1963, Libbys in 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988 and Gerber in 2007. In 2011, Nestle was listed Number one in the Fortune Global 500 as the worlds most profitable corporation. With a market capitalization of $ 200 billion, Nestle ranked Number 13 in the FT Global 2011. (Nestle2011) Henry Nestle (1814-1890) Nestle System and Organization Structure A companys organizational chart typically demonstrates relations between people within an organization. Such relations might include managers to sub-workers, directors to managing directors, chief executive officer to various departments, and so forth. When an organization chart grows too large it can be split into smaller charts for separate departments within the organization. The different types of organization charts include: Hierarchical Matrix Flat (also known as Horizontal) Nestle Company is a decentralized organization that is organized according to the matrix structure. Nestle as a decentralized organization permits to subordinate branches to enjoy a proportionately high-level of independence. Although it still makes major strategy decisions at the headquarter level, daily operations are left up to subordinate branches to derive and perform. The responsibility for operating decisions is push down to local units (Broeckx Hooijberg 2008). In organization structure, Complex system is a system that is comprises a large number of entities that display a high level of nonlinear interactivity. There are number of basic observations that have been made through the examination of complex systems, mainly using computer simulation and the mathematic of non-linearity. (Unden 2001) Complex systems are usually open systems. Nestle, over its long historical development from a small village operation to the worlds leading food Company, has illustrate an excellent capability to adjust to an ever-changing external environment, without losing its basic beliefs and core values, so important for long-term success. Over the years to come, this capability will continue to be challenge even more as Nestle is growing in size and complexity up to a dimension, which demands a continuous development of its organisation and of the way in which it run (Christopher Yannicrumar 2008). (D.Rigby 2009) Nestle Organization Chart In Organization chart, we can see that the management of Nestle is also divided into 3 types top-level management, middle level of management and low-level management. Top Level of Management: It contains of board of directors, chief executive or managing director. The top management is the final source of authority and it manages aims and policies for an initiative. It dedicates more time on planning and coordinating functions. The role of the top management can be summarized as follows: Top management broad policies of the enterprise and lays down the objectives. It issues necessary instructions for preparation of subdivision procedures, schedules, budgets, etc. It prepares strategic policies plans for the initiative. It appoints the executive for middle level for instance departmental managers. It coordinates controls the activities of all the departments. It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside world. It provides direction and guidance. The top management is also responsible towards the stockholders for the performance of the initiative. Middle Level of Management The branch managers and departmental managers constitute middle level. They are responsible to the top management for the operative of their department. They devote more time to directional and organizational functions. Their role can be highlighted as: They execute the plans of the organization in accordance with the policies and directives of the top management. They make plans for the sub-units of the organization. They participate in training employment of lower level management. They understand and explain policies from top-level management to lower level. They are also responsible for inspiring lower level managers towards better performance. Lower Level of Management Lower level is also known as operative/supervisory level of management. It contains of supervisors, superintendent section, officers etc.. Their activities include Assigning of jobs and tasks to various workers. They instruct and guide workers for day-to-day activities. They are responsible for the quality as well as quantity of production. They are also entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining good relation in the organization. They communicate workers problems, suggestions, and recommendatory appeals etc to the higher level and higher-level goals and objectives to the workers. They help to solve the complaints of the workers. (Nestle 2012) Nestle System Methodology and Objectives Nestle objectives are to be known as a world leader in Nutrition, Wellness, Health, trusted by all its stakeholders and to be referenced for financial performance in its industry. The company believes that it is not just about size, it is also about behavior; and they recognized that trust is earned only over a long period of time by systemically delivering on their promises. These objective and behaviors are summarizing in the simple phrase: Good food, Good life, a phrase that sums up the company business aspiration. The Nestle road map is intended the create alignment for workers behind the unified set of strategic priorities that will hasten the achievement of company objectives. These objective demands from workers a mixture of long-term motivation needed to build for the future and short-term business actions, delivering the necessary level of performance. The Nestle model is securing the progress today and ensuring success in future: Achieving simplicity; Investment of growth; Scale benefits; Driving performance The Nestle road map includes three main parts: Competitive advantages Growth drivers Operational pillars (Hemingway 2002) All these may define with one clear and simple chart: http://www.nestle.lk/asset-library/PublishingImages/About%20us/roadmap_large.jpg (Nestle 2012) Nestle has its own company in many countries. The head office in Switzerland works very closely with them, and sets the overall strategy the overall strategy, which is managed through the strategic business units and management. Geographically, Nestle three zones (Europe; the Americas; Asia; Oceania; Africa and the Middle East) work closely with the local markets. Their primary role is that enablers, acting as the voice of the headquarters. All units and zones share Nestle vision so that everyone around the world understands the direction to take and how to get there with common tools, common values and strategic. This ensure that people in a the world know how to act, and that there is a very strong frameworks of clear references and value for fast and efficient decision-making. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IDENTIFICATION Nestle produces hundreds of products, has a global network of suppliers, and multiple selling channel and distribution. Therefore, to respond and predict in this rapidly changing in market demand condition is very difficult. When predicting a market demand, Nestle will need information to discover shifts in demand early so they could adjust for trends and send the right messages to the suppliers, shippers, and distribution centers before they are deluge with unwanted or defective goods or shortages. (Manhattan Associates. 2010) However, every company has its weakest links, so is Nestle. The weakest links are matters they are unable to control (Labs. 2010). Firstly, the most usual problem is the sources of supply of raw materials. This is due to an unexpected and sudden increase in demand, which will cause extreme supply shortages for merchandises that will result in major price increases. For example, bad natural disaster and bad weather have always been an issue affecting incoming raw materials. Secondly, the mistakenness of orders received in record. No company can ever achieve the requirement of zero imperfections especially in foods and beverages industry. For example, when the purchasing department of Nestle ordered 15,000 of mixed yoghurt from its dealer, but what the retailer received was only 12,000 of them, or on another case they might receive lacking records. Another example is, when Nestle tells its dealer that they needed extra orders of a particular product to be shipped right away because of unpredicted increase in demand, but in fact, the supplier may already has orders from other customers. This usually happen during special occasion. (Mashabale2012) Hence, in order to solve these problems, it is critical for Nestle to engage with multiple dealers or suppliers in that specific region, so they could purchase inventories from multiple dealers, which will definitely reduction the risk of shortage due to incontrollable situation. Besides, Nestle should also base on their purchase and demand planning on last couple of years of sales to estimate current year of supply and demand. Other than that, mutual trust and strong relationship with all the dealers are needed in order to raise the flexibility of material supply management, as well as to improve the bargaining power of Nestle. However, if there is a extra, Nestle may need to plan a promotion to clear their inventories, otherwise Nestle will meeting a great loss such as waste of warehouses space, paying high material handling cost, or inventories that are not sold became defective and may need to be disposed which no profit will earn. Therefore, when there is a big event organized s uch as big Carnival. Nestle will set up a booth at the carnival to sell its products, which are close to the expiry date at lower price such as Maggi products, Nescafe, yoghurt drinks, Milo, Nestle ice creams and so on. People often buy the products in big quantity because of the lesser price than the market price. As a result, Nestle could clear their inventories rather fast and save some space in the warehouses which is a win-win situation. Thirdly, although Nestle has a logistics department but it does not deal with transportation logistics. Nestle subcontracted its supply chain transport to the third-party logistics as Nestle tries to cut their supply chain costs and to concentrate more on their in-plant operations. Although Nestle does not have, a transportation logistics department but they do have a delivery team to cooperate with the third-party logistics in routing protocol. Nestle is using a Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), which is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. The protocol is composed of the two main mechanisms of Route Discovery and Route Maintenance, which work together to allow nodes to discover and maintain routes on-demand to arbitrary destinations in the ad hoc network. (Maltz. 2003). Therefore, the delivery team is there to help Nestle and the third party Logistic that DSR is working as per company direction as w ell as DSR performance. Then, it is the poor partnership relationship between consumer and dealership. Dealers need these capabilities because they in close partnership with manufacturers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Nestle, are a connecting hub of services for the consumers, and other stakeholders. However, Nestle solved this problem by using the Dealer Management Systems (DMS) as well as their dealers. DMS is a software solution that provides tools for managing service, sales, parts and inventory management, integration, business management, and core architecture. DMS help manufacturers and dealers create integrated marketing movements to offer inventory to goal markets. This will integrate innovations into traditional in-store sales and service processes and offer technologies for non-traditional merchandising, service and sales strategies through alternative channels for consumer engagement in-vehicle, via Web, or by phone. (Microsoft Corporation. 2008) RECOMANDATIONS FOR PLOBLEMS Afterward the reviews stated above, those were not the only solutions that are available. Nestle could acquire the inventories from the other outlets from the other region Instead of just finding or having multiple suppliers. Because some regions have different demographics, for example, race. If there is a surplus, and unable to clear the inventories at a short time, Nestle could consider donation for short-run purpose, this could help to clear the old stocks, as well as to help Nestle could use both manual and automation system in managing service, sales, and others. This is because one cannot trust wholly to a machine, as it may not be documenting the steps in its own processor. Because some steps cannot be automated and may require operator intervention to stop the escapement processing steps, even though adapting advanced technologies could help saving cost as labor cost is decrease, but if there are still problems occur, it will affect the business such as loss of customers because of the mistake. Consequently, Nestle must update the system software regularly and full utilization of available technology as well as the manual operators, which will effectively increase the efficiency and dependability of the supply chain systems. (Tallin2011) Nestle 2011, Strategy inaction, Nestle, Viewed 30th March 2013, Broeckx,P Hooijberg,R 2008,Perspective for managers, Nestle On The Move,no 158,24th March 2013, RMIT Christopher, L Yannicrumar, H 2008, New Concepts and Trends in International RD Organization, New Concepts and Trends in International RD Organization, illustrated by the example of NestlÃÆ' ©, Hahn, A 2007, Formalization in organization, Article Gratuits, Viewed 24th March 2013, Studymode 2011, Nestle Organization Structure, Viewed 30th March 2013, http://www.studymode.com/essays/Nestle-s-Organizational-Structure-1303923.html> The official board2011, Nestle, Viewed 9 April 2013, Hemingway 2002, The Nestle sustainability review, Nestle S.A, Public Affair .8th April 2013, Neslte.uk Manhattan Associate2010, Planning and forecasting: Anticipate and Respond to Changes in Demand, viewed 9th April2013, Labs2010, Supply Chain Efficiency Starts at the Top, Food Engineering, Viewed 9th April2013, Mashabale2012, Nestle, Viewed 1th April 2013, Microsoft Corporation2008, Microsoft Offers the Dealer Management Solution, viewed 9th April2013, Maltz2003, The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol, Viewed 10th April2013, Tallin2011, Nestle worldwide, Tallinn university of technology , Viewed 10th April 2013,